Kuki - Zomi ethnic conflicts 1997-98

Kuki - Zomi ethnic conflicts 1997-98

Zomi History   7:01:00 PM

From June 1997 to October 1998 two ethnic groups in Churachandpur District in Manipur, India, the majority Zomi group and and a minority group, the Kuki, originally dispalced from the north of the state as a result of the Kuki-Naga Conflict (1993), were involved in an open conflict. According to the Manipur government's official record, the clash claimed the lives of 352 persons, injured 136 and reduced 4670 houses to ashes. Independent sources revealed that over 50 villages were destroyed and some 13,000 people were displaced. The majority moved to areas surrounding the district capital of Churachandpur and Mizoram, where they were housed in makeshift refugee centres in schools, hospitals, and other buildings. Several hundred Indian Army soldiers were moved into Churachandpur with the purpose of restoring order. This was not successful, however, and outbreaks of violence continued until the church brokered a ceasefire in October 1998.

The immediate cause of the Kuki-Zomi conflict was the June 24, 1997 Saikul incident. 11 Zomi innocent villagers were lined up and killed by the Kuki National Front (President), a Kuki insurgent group. Following this, violence erupted in the entire district.

Prior to 1997, Churachandpur was probably the only peaceful district in Manipur. It was a peaceful and harmonious society with fast-paced accelerated development in terms of education and commerce. The residents were proud and felt secure in their environment. However things would never be the same again after the summer of 1997. The early 1990s saw an increase in the population of the Kukis who have been seeking refuge in the district from the Nagas with whom they were fighting since long. Different factions of the Kuki arm groups started extorting moneys, kidnapping businessmen, beating up young men in the streets of Lamka and the surrounding villages like Singngat.

These Kuki arm groups were basically imposing the name “Kuki” as the nomenclature of the Chin-Kuki-Mizo clan, while mainly the Paite tribe disowned the imposed name. The period also saw an increasing popularity of Zomi-centric identity consciousness leading to the formation of notably the Zomi Re-unification Organisation and its armed wing Zomi Re-unification Army.

The “Zomi” nomenclature is accepted by the Zous, the Simtes, the Vaipheis, the Paites and the Tedim-Chin tribes

The Zomis were protecting and safe guarding their habitat, freedom, security and their pride and expected the newcomers to respect these.

Tensions grew between the Zomis and the Kukis and the lack of proper communication and suspicion finally led to their conflict in the summer of 1997, resulting in thousands of people being displaced, killed, maimed, handicapped and even raped.

Why No Success in Learning Shan Literature and Script

Why No Success in Learning Shan Literature and Script

Politics   10:45:00 PM

ရွမ္းစာေပသင္ၾကားေရး ႀကိဳးပမ္းမႈ ဘာေၾကာင့္ မေအာင္ျမင္ခဲ့သလဲ (အပိုင္း – ၂)

၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္၊ မတ္ ၂ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၌ အစိုးရ အေျပာင္းအလဲ ျဖစ္ခဲ့သည္။ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္တြင္လည္း ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ အစိုးရအား အဖြဲ႔ဝင္ ၅ ဦးပါေသာ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ျဖင့္ အစားထိုးခဲ့သည္။ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီေခတ္ (၁၉၆၂-၇၄) ရွမ္းဦးစီး အဖြဲ႔ဝင္မ်ားမွာ ဥကၠ႒အျဖစ္ ဦးထြန္းေအး၊ အဖြဲ႔ဝင္မ်ားအျဖစ္ ဦးေက်ာ္ေဇာ၊ ဦးအုန္းေဖ၊ ဦးတင္ကိုကို၊ အေရွ႕ပိုင္းတိုင္းစစ္ဌာနခ်ဳပ္၊ တိုင္းမႉး ဗိုလ္မႉးႀကီးေမာင္ေရႊတို႔ ျဖစ္သည္။ ဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔၏ ပထမဆံုး အစည္းအေဝးကို ၁၉၆၂ ခုႏွစ္၊ မတ္ ၆ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ က်င္းပၿပီး ယခင္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ အစိုးရ လက္ထက္က မၿပီးျပတ္ခဲ့ေသာ ရွမ္းစာသင္ၾကားေရး ကိစၥကို ေဆြးေႏြး၍ ရွမ္းအမ်ားစု ေနထိုင္ရာ ေဒသမ်ားရွိ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ရွမ္းစာကို စိတ္ႀကိဳက္ ဘာသာရပ္အျဖစ္ ျပ႒ာန္းရန္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခဲ့သည္။ ဤဆံုး ျဖတ္ခ်က္ကို ၁၉၆၃-၆၄ ပညာသင္ႏွစ္မွ စတင္၍ အေကာင္ အထည္ေဖာ္ရန္ ပညာေရးဌာနသို႔ ၫႊန္ၾကားစာပို႔သည္။ ႐ွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔၏ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္ကို အေကာင္အထည္ ေဖာ္ရန္ ပညာေရးဌာန အေနျဖင့္ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ႏွင့္ မူေဟာင္း ၂ ခု အနက္ မည္သည့္စာျဖင့္ သင္ၾကားရမည္ကို ဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ ထံျပန္၍ အစီရင္ခံသည္။ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ သင္ၾကားပါက သင္႐ိုး စာအုပ္မ်ား ရရွိေရးအတြက္ ျပင္ဆင္ရမည္ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကိုလည္း တင္ျပသည္။ အထက္ပါ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔၏ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္သည္ ရွမ္းစာမူကြဲ ၂ ခုျဖစ္သည့္ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ က်ားေခါင္းစာေခၚ မူသစ္တို႔ အၾကား အျငင္းပြားစရာ စတင္ျဖစ္ေပၚလာသည့္ အေၾကာင္းရင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ေစာ္ဘြားမ်ား လက္ထက္က တီထြင္ခဲ့၍ ၁၉၅၅ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဇြန္ ၃ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ တရားဝင္ ရွမ္းစာအျဖစ္ အသိအမွတ္ျပဳခဲ့ေသာ က်ားေခါင္းစာကို ရွမ္းဦးစီးက လက္မခံႏိုင္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ၁၉၆၆ ဧၿပီ ၂၁ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔က ရွမ္းစားသစ္သည္ တတ္ကြ်မ္းသူ မရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔က ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို ပယ္ဖ်က္သည္၊ ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္းကို ႐ံုးသံုးစာ အျဖစ္ အသိအမွတ္ ျပဳသည္ဟု ေၾကညာခ်က္ ထုတ္ျပန္သည္။ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို လက္မခံႏိုင္သည့္ အေၾကာင္းရင္းမွာ ရွမ္းဦးစီး အဖြဲ႔ဝင္မ်ားသည္ ပေဒသရာဇ္စနစ္ကို ဆန္႔က်င္ခဲ့သူမ်ား ျဖစ္သျဖင့္ ေစာ္ဘြားမ်ား အတည္ျပဳခဲ့ေသာ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို လမ္မခံႏိုင္ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ ဥကၠ႒၏ မိန္႔ခြန္းတြင္ က်ားေခါင္းစာ (ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္) သည္ ပေဒသရာဇ္ ေစာ္ဘြားမ်ား လက္ထက္က တည္ထြင္ခဲ့ေသာစာ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း၊ ျမန္မာ့ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ လမ္းစဥ္သည္ ပေဒသရာဇ္စနစ္ကို ဆန္႔က်င္သျဖင့္ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို အသံုးျပဳျခင္းမွ ပိတ္ပင္ခဲ့ရေၾကာင္း ေျပာၾကားခဲ့သည္။ ရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္ႏွင့္ မူေဟာင္း ျပႆနာေၾကာင့္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ရွမ္းစာ မသင္ရေသာ္လည္း ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ေကာင္စီ အစိုးရ လက္ထက္ (၁၉၆၂-၇၄) တြင္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ စာမတတ္သူ ပေပ်ာက္ေရး စီမံကိန္းအရ တကၠသိုလ္ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား ဦးစီး၍ ေႏြေက်ာင္းပိတ္ရက္မ်ားအတြင္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ေက်းလက္ေဒသမ်ား သို႔သြားေရာက္၍ “အ” ၃ လံုး သင္တန္းမ်ား ပို႔ခ်ခဲ့သည္။ တကၠသိုလ္ႏွင့္ ေကာလိပ္မ်ားရွိ ရွမ္းတိုင္းရင္းသား စာေပႏွင့္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ ေကာ္မတီမွ ရွမ္း ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားကလည္း ေႏြရာသီ ေက်ာင္းပိတ္ရက္မ်ားတြင္ ရွမ္းေက်းလက္ ေတာရြာေဒသမ်ားသို႔ သြားေရာက္ကာ “မ” ၅ လံုး သင္တန္းမ်ား ဖြင့္၍ ရွမ္းစာကို သင္ၾကားေပးသည္။ က်ားေခါင္းစာေခၚ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ျဖင့္ သင္သည္။ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို လက္မခံႏိုင္ေသာ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔က ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္းကို ျပ႒ာန္းစာ အျဖစ္သင္ၾကားရန္ စီစဥ္ေနစဥ္ ရန္ကုန္၊ မႏၲေလး တကၠသိုလ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ေတာင္ႀကီးေကာလိပ္တို႔မွ ရွမ္းစာေပႏွင့္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ အသင္း ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ ရွမ္းေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားသည္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ ဥကၠ႒ႏွင့္ ေတြ႔ဆံုၿပီး ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) ျဖင့္ သင္ၾကားခြင့္ ျပဳရန္ ေတာင္းဆိုၾကသည္။ ၎တို႔သည္ ျမန္မာ့ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ လမ္းစဥ္ပါတီ ဗဟိုေကာ္မတီႏွင့္ပါ ေတြ႔ဆံု၍ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္၌ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ျဖင့္ သင္ၾကားခြင့္ရရန္ တင္ျပခဲ့သည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔သည္ ၁၉၆၉ ခုႏွစ္ ဇန္န၀ါရီ ၁၃ မွ ၁၅ ရက္ေန႔ အထိ ေတာင္ႀကီးၿမိဳ႕၌ ရွမ္းစာေပ ညီလာခံႀကီး တခုကို က်င္းပခဲ့ၿပီး ထိုညီလာခံသို႔ ရွမ္းျပည္ၿမိဳ႕နယ္ အသီးသီးမွ ရွမ္းစာေပ ပညာရွင္ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား၊ ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္မွ ရွမ္းကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား၊ တကၠသိုလ္ ေကာလိပ္မ်ားမွ ရွမ္းေက်ာင္းသား ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား၊ ရွမ္းသံဃာ အစည္းအ႐ံုးမွ သံဃာ့ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား၊ ျမန္မာ့ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ လမ္းစဥ္ပါတီမွ တာဝန္ရွိ ပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ား တက္ေရာက္ခဲ့သည္။ စာေပညီလာခံ အဖြင့္မိန္႔ခြန္းတြင္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ဝင္ တဦးလည္းျဖစ္ေသာ အေရွ႕ပိုင္းတိုင္း စစ္ဌာနခ်ဳပ္ တိုင္းမႉးက တိုင္းရင္းသား လူမ်ိဳးစုမ်ား အေပၚထားရွိေသာ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီ၏ သေဘာထားကို ေျပာဆိုခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းေျပာဆိုခ်က္တြင္ တိုင္းရင္းသား အားလံုး၏ ခ်စ္ၾကည္ရင္းႏွီးမႈ မထိခိုက္ေစရန္၊ အစိုးရကလည္း တိုင္းရင္းသားစာေပကို သက္ဆိုင္ရာ ေဒသမ်ား၌ မူလတန္း အထိ သင္ၾကားခြင့္ ျပဳပါေၾကာင္း ပါဝင္သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ရွိ ရွမ္းေက်ာင္းသား အတြက္ ရွမ္းစာ သင္ၾကားႏိုင္ရန္မွာ ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ မူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) အျငင္းပြားမႈ အေပၚ၌ မူတည္လ်က္ ရွိသည္။ အဆိုပါ ျပႆနာအား ေျပလည္ေစရန္ ညီလာခံသို႔ တက္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ရွမ္းသံဃာ့ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားက ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ မူသစ္ ၂ မ်ိဳးအနက္ မည္သည့္ စာကိုမွ် မပယ္ဖ်က္ဘဲ ၂ မ်ိဳးစလံုးကို လက္ခံရန္ ေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့သည္။ ၎တို႔ တင္ျပသည္မွာ ျမန္မာျပည္မ ဘုန္းေတာ္ႀကီး ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ျမန္မာသင္ပုန္းႀကီးစာကို ဘုန္းေတာ္ႀကီးေက်ာင္း သင္႐ိုးစာအျဖစ္ သင္ၿပီး အစိုးရေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ေခတ္သစ္ ျမန္မာစာကို သင္႐ိုးအျဖစ္ သင္ေၾကာင္း၊ ဤစာေပ ၂ ခု၌ မည္သည့္ ျပႆနာမွ မေပၚေပါက္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း တင္ျပခဲ့သည္။ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ ဥကၠ႒က ညီလာခံ လာတက္ၾကေသာ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ေတာ္ႀကီးမ်ားသည္ ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္းကို လက္ခံပါက ၎စာကို ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ျပ႒ာန္းရန္၊ အစိုးရ႐ံုးမ်ားႏွင့္ ဆက္ဆံရာတြင္လည္း အသံုးျပဳခြင့္ႏွင့္ တရားဝင္စာ အျဖစ္ အသိအမွတ္ ျပဳရန္ အမိန္႔ထုတ္ျပန္မည္ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ေျပာၾကားခဲ့သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ တကၠသိုလ္မ်ားမွ ရွမ္းစာေပႏွင့္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈအသင္း ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားက ရွမ္းဦးစီးဥကၠ႒၏ တင္ျပခ်က္ကို ပယ္ခ်ၿပီး ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) ကို ပယ္ဖ်က္သည့္ အမိန္႔ကို ျပန္လည္ ႐ုပ္သိမ္းရန္ႏွင့္ ၎စာကို ေက်ာင္းသံုးစာ အျဖစ္ ျပ႒ာန္းေပးရန္ ေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ၎တို႔က ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ ဖ်က္သိမ္းသည့္ အမိန္႔ကို မ႐ုပ္သိမ္းပါက ဆက္လက္ မေဆြးေႏြးႏိႈင္ဟု ဆိုၿပီး ညီလာခံကို သပိတ္ေမွာက္ခဲ့ၾကသျဖင့္ ရွမ္းစာေပ ညီလာခံႀကီးမွာ မည္သည့္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္မွ မခ်မွတ္ႏိႈင္ဘဲ ရပ္ဆိုင္းခဲ့ရသည္။ ရွမ္းတိုင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ၎တို႔၏ စာေပသင္ၾကားခြင့္ ရရွိေရးမွာလည္း ဆံုး႐ံႈးခဲ့ရပါသည္။ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) ကို လက္မခံေသာ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔က ထပ္မံ၍ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္တခုကို ျပဳစုရန္ ရွမ္းစာ ေကာ္မတီကို ဖြဲ႔စည္းလိုက္သည္။ ဤေကာ္မတီမွ ျပဳစုလိုက္ေသာ ရွမ္းစာကို “ဦးစီးစာ” ဟုေခၚ၍ ဗ်ည္း ၁၉ လံုး၊ အရံဗ်ည္း ၄လံုး၊ သရ ၁၂ လံုး၊ အသံသေကၤတ ၆ ခုျဖင့္ ဖြဲ႔စည္းထားသည္။ ၎ရွမ္းစာျဖင့္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ သင္ၾကားရန္ ဆံုးျဖတ္၍ ရွမ္းစာ သင္ၾကားႏိုင္မည့္ ေက်ာင္းအေရအတြက္၊ ေက်ာင္းသား ဦးေရႏွင့္ ဆရာ အေရအတြက္ တို႔ကို တင္ျပရန္ ပညာေရးဌာနအား ညႊန္ၾကားခဲ့သည္။ ရွမ္းဦးစီး အဖြဲ႔က ရွမ္းစာ သင္ၾကားေရး အတြက္ စီစဥ္ေနစဥ္ ၁၉၇၄ တြင္ ျမန္မာ့ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ လမ္းစဥ္ပါတီ အာဏာရရွိ လာၿပီး၊ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔အား ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီျဖင့္ အစားထိုးဖြဲ႔စည္းခဲ့သည္။ အဆိုပါေကာင္စီအဖြဲ႔ ကလည္း ရွမ္းစာကိစၥႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ၿပီး ၁၉၇၆ တြင္ ေကာ္မတီတခုကို ဖြဲ႔စီး၍ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္မ်ားမွ အမ်ားလက္ခံႏိုင္ေသာ မူတခု ေရြးရန္၊ ရွမ္းစာေရးထံုးကို တိတိက်က်သတ္မွတ္ရန္၊ ၁၉၇၇၊ ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီလကို ေနာက္ဆံုးထား၍ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ တခုကို ၿပီးစီးေအာင္ ျပဳစုရန္ႏွင့္ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီ သို႔တင္ျပရန္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေစသည္။ ေကာ္မတီမွ တင္ျပေသာ ရွမ္းစာမူအား ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီက ဧၿပီ ၁၉၇၇ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ သင္ၾကားရန္ အတည္ျပဳသည္။ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီသည္ ရွမ္းစာ ေကာ္မရွင္ကိုလည္း ၁၉၈၀ ခုႏွစ္၊ ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီလတြင္ ဖြဲ႔စည္းခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းေကာ္မရွင္က ရွမ္းျပည္ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီ လက္ခံအတည္ျပဳထားေသာ ရွမ္းစာကို လူထုအတြင္းျဖန္႔ရန္၊ ၁၉၈၀-၈၁ စာသင္ႏွစ္အတြက္ ရွမ္းစာသင္႐ိုး စာအုပ္မ်ား ပံုႏွိပ္ရန္၊ လက္ကမ္းစာေစာင္မ်ား၊ ဂ်ာနယ္မ်ားကို ပံုႏွိပ္ထုတ္ေဝရန္တို႔ကို တာဝန္ယူေဆာင္ရြက္သည္။ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ရွမ္းစာသင္ၾကားႏိုင္ရန္ ေက်ာင္းသံုးစာအုပ္ ပံုႏွိပ္ထုတ္ေဝေရးသည္ ပဓာန က်ေသာကိစၥ ျဖစ္လာသည္။ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ျပည္သူ႔ေကာင္စီက အတည္ျပဳလိုက္ေသာ ရွမ္းစာျဖင့္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ျပ႒ာန္းရန္ ၁၉၈၅ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဇူလိုင္ ၁၈ တြင္ အမိန္႔ စာထုတ္ျပန္သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ထိုအတည္ျပဳလိုက္ေသာ စာျဖင့္ သင္ၾကားရန္ ရွမ္းစာဆရာမ်ားအား သင္တန္းပို႔ခ်ရန္ လိုအပ္သျဖင့္ ပညာေရး ဌာနက ၁၉၈၅ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ရွမ္းစာဆရာမ်ားအတြက္ အခ်ိန္တို မြမ္းမံသင္တန္းကို၊ လား႐ိႈး၊ ေတာင္ႀကီး၊ က်ိဳင္းတံုၿမိဳ႕မ်ား၌ ဖြင့္လွစ္ခဲ့ၿပီး ရွမ္းစာသင္ဆရာ ေတာင္ႀကီး၌ ၄၄ ဦး၊ က်ိဳင္းတံု ၂၂ ဦး၊ လား႐ိႈး ၅၀ ဦး စုစုေပါင္း ၁၁၆ ဦး တို႔ တက္ေရာက္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ဤသို႔ျဖင့္ ၁၉၅၀ မွ စတင္ခဲ့ေသာ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ ရွမ္းစာသင္ၾကားေရး စီမံကိန္းမွာ ၁၉၈၅ ခုႏွစ္ အထိ အေကာင္အထည္ မေပၚႏိုင္ခဲ့ေပ။ ရွမ္းစာကို အဓိကထား သင္ၾကားေသာ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္၏ ပညာေရးစနစ္သည္ ေရွးယခင္ကပင္ ဘုန္းေတာ္ႀကီးေက်ာင္း ပညာေရး ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ဤစနစ္သည္ အဂၤလိပ္တို႔ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ကို သိမ္းပိုက္ၿပီးေသာ ၁၈၈၆ မွ ၁၉၂၂ ခုႏွစ္ အထိ တည္ရွိခဲ့ၿပီး၊ ၁၉၂၂ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ပေဒသရာဇ္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ေကာင္စီကို ဖြဲ႔စည္းေသာ အခါမွသာလွ်င္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္၌ အစိုးရ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားကို ဖြင့္လွစ္ခဲ့သည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ရွမ္းစာ သင္ၾကားေရးကိစၥမွာ ပေဒသရာဇ္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ေကာင္စီ၏ တာဝန္ ျဖစ္လာပါသည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ပေဒသရာဇ္ေကာင္စီ၌ ပါဝင္ေသာ ရွမ္းေစာ္ဘြား အမ်ားစုက ရွမ္းစာသည္ ဗ်ည္းအကၡရာ မျပည့္စံု၍ တိက်ျခင္း မရွိ၊ ဖတ္မႈ နားလည္ရန္ ခက္သည္ဟု ဆိုၿပီး ၁၉၄၀ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို တီထြင္ျပန္သည္။ ဤစာကို လြတ္လပ္ေရးရၿပီး ၁၉၅၃ ခုႏွစ္မွသာလွ်င္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ အစိုးရက ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ သင္ၾကားရန္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခဲ့ သည္။ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ရွမ္းစာသင္ၾကားေရး ကိစၥသည္ ပထမဦးစြာ ပေဒသရာဇ္ ရွမ္းေကာင္စီ၏ တာဝန္ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ပါသည္။ လြတ္လပ္ေရး ရၿပီးေနာက္ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရး အာဏာ ရရွိလာေသာ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္အစိုးရ (၁၉၄၈-၁၉၆၂) သည္ ဒုတိယ တာဝန္ရွိလာပါသည္။ ၎အစိုးရက ရွမ္းစာသင္ၾကားေရးကို ဆံုးျဖတ္၍ အမိန္႔ထုတ္ျပန္ခဲ့ ေသာ္လည္း ၁၉၆၀ ခုႏွစ္ အထိ ေက်ာင္းသံုး စာအုပ္ႏွင့္ ရွမ္းစာသင္ဆရာမ်ား ျပည္စံုစြာရရွိေရး မေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ေပ။ ေတာ္လွန္ေရး ေကာင္စီအစိုးရ တက္လာၿပီးေနာက္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔က ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္းကို ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၌ ျပ႒ာန္းရန္ ေဆာင္ရြက္သည္ကိုလည္း တကၠသိုလ္မ်ား ရွမ္းစာေပ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈအသင္း ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားက ကန္႔ကြက္ခဲ့သျဖင့္ ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ မူသစ္ အျငင္းပြားမႈ ျပႆနာမွာ မေျဖရွင္းႏိုင္ခဲ့ေပ။ ရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) ကို လက္မခံ ႏိုင္ေသာ ရွမ္းဦးစီးသည္ ရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္တခုကို ထပ္မံျပဳစု၏။ ၎ကို ရွမ္းဦးစီးစာ ဟုေခၚသည္။ တကၠသိုလ္မ်ားမွ ရွမ္းေက်ာင္းသား ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ား ကလည္း မူသစ္မ်ားကို ထပ္မံ၍ ျပဳစုၾကၿပီး ရွမ္းစာသီေပါမူ၊ ေဒသတကာသံုး ရွမ္းစာ ဟူ၍ ထြက္ေပၚလာ၏။ ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ မူသစ္မ်ားကို ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ပါက ရွမ္းဦးစီးစာႏွင့္ ေဒသတကာသံုး ရွမ္းစာမွလြဲ၍ ရွမ္းစာမူေဟာင္း၊ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ (က်ားေခါင္းစာ) ႏွင့္ သီေပါရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္တို႔မွာ ျခားနားမႈ အနည္းငယ္သာ ရွိ၍ ရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္တြင္ ဗ်ည္းသရႏွင့္ အသံသေကၤတ တို႔ကိုပို အသံုးျပဳလာသည္ကို ေတြ႔ရပါသည္။ ေရးထံုးမွာ ျခားနားမႈ မရွိပါ။ ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းႏွင့္ မူသစ္ အျငင္းပြားမႈတြင္ ရွမ္းဦးစီးက ရွမ္းစာ မူသစ္သည္ ပေဒသရာဇ္ လက္ထက္က ျပဳစုခဲ့ေသာ ရွမ္းစာ ျဖစ္သည့္အတြက္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးအရ လက္မခံႏိုင္ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ဦးစီးအဖြဲ႔ဝင္မ်ား ကိုယ္တိုင္ ရွမ္းပေဒသရာဇ္ကို ဆန္႔က်င္ခဲ့ေသာ ႏိုင္ငံေရး ပါတီမ်ားမွ ျဖစ္ေနျခင္း၊ အာဏာသိမ္းခဲ့သည့္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးေကာင္စီသည္ ပေဒသရာဇ္ႏွင့္ အရင္းရွင္စနစ္ကို ဆန္႔က်င္ကာ ဆိုရွယ္လစ္လမ္းစဥ္သို႔ ဦးတည္သည့္ အစိုးရျဖစ္ျခင္း တို႔ေၾကာင့္ ပေဒသရာဇ္တို႔၏ ေဆာင္ရြက္ခ်က္မ်ားကို လက္မခံႏိုင္ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းကို လက္မခံႏိုင္ေသာ ေခတ္ပညာတတ္ ရွမ္းမ်ားက ရွမ္းစာ မူေဟာင္းသည္ အကၡရာအသံ သေကၤတမ်ား မျပည့္စံု၊ ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ စာလံုးတလံုးတြင္ အသံထြက္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးထြက္ႏိုင္ သကဲ့သို႔ အဓိပၸာယ္လည္း အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳး ေကာက္ယူႏိုင္သည္။ ထိုသို႔ တိက်မႈ မရွိ၊ သိပၸံနည္း မက်ေသာ ရွမ္းစာကို ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ သင္ၾကားရန္ လက္မခံႏိုင္ဟု ဆို၍ အျပင္းအထန္ကန္႔ကြက္ၾကပါသည္။ ရွမ္းစာမူသစ္ကို ေက်ာင္းမ်ားတြင္ သင္ခြင့္ မရေသာ္လည္း ေႏြရာသီ ေက်ာင္းပိတ္ရက္မ်ား၌ တကၠသိုလ္မ်ားမွ ရွမ္း ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား ဦးစီးၿပီး ႏွစ္စဥ္ ရွမ္းျပည္ ေက်းလက္ေဒသမ်ား၌ “မ” ၅ လံုး သင္တန္းမ်ား ဖြင့္၍ ရွမ္းစာကို မူသစ္ျဖင့္ တႏွစ္လွ်င္ တလတာမွ် သင္ၾကားေပးၾကပါသည္။ ႏွစ္စဥ္ ဤသို႔ သင္တန္းမ်ား ဖြင့္လွစ္ခဲ့ရာ ရွမ္းလူငယ္အမ်ားစု ရွမ္းစာကို တတ္ေျမာက္လာၾက ပါသည္။ တခ်ိန္တည္းမွာပင္ ရွမ္းပံုႏွိပ္တိုက္ မ်ားေပၚေပါက္လာကာ ဝတၳဳ၊ ေဆာင္းပါးမ်ား၊ သီခ်င္းစာအုပ္မ်ား၊ စာေစာင္မ်ား ထြက္ရွိလာပါသည္။ ဤသို႔တိုးတက္ျဖစ္ေပၚလာမႈသည္ ေရွး ရွမ္းစာ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈဓေလ့ကို တျဖည္းျဖည္း ေမွးမွိန္ ေစခဲ့ပါသည္။ (ဆက္လက္ေဖာ္ျပပါမည္) (စိုင္းခမ္းမိုင္းသည္ ရန္ကုန္ အေျခစိုက္ သမိုင္းဆရာတဦး ျဖစ္သည္။ ၁၉၇၁ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ မႏၲေလးတကၠသိုလ္မွ သမိုင္းအထူးျပဳျဖင့္ မဟာ၀ိဇၨာဘြဲ႔ ရရွိခဲ့ၿပီးေနာက္ ၁၉၈၈ ခုႏွစ္အထိ မႏၲေလး တကၠသိုလ္၊ ရန္ကုန္ တကၠသို္လ္၊ မိတၳီလာ ေကာလိပ္တို႔တြင္ နည္းျပအျဖစ္ လည္းေကာင္း၊ လက္ေထာက္ ကထိက အျဖစ္လည္းေကာင္း တာ၀န္ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့ၿပီး ၁၉၈၉ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ဆႏၵအရ အလုပ္မွ ႏုတ္ထြက္ခဲ့သည္။ ႏိုင္ငံျခား တကၠသိုလ္ တခ်ိဳ႕တြင္လည္း သုေတသီ ပညာရွင္အျဖစ္ လုပ္ကိုင္ခဲ့သည္။) Irrwaddy

ဇုိမီးေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအသင္း- ျမန္မာျပည္ မွ သဘာဝေဘးသင့္ ျပည္သူမ်ား ကယ္ဆယ္ေရး စခန္းမ်ား သုိ႔ေပးအပ္လွဴဒါန္း

ဇုိမီးေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအသင္း- ျမန္မာျပည္ မွ သဘာဝေဘးသင့္ ျပည္သူမ်ား ကယ္ဆယ္ေရး စခန္းမ်ား သုိ႔ေပးအပ္လွဴဒါန္း

Ethnic   9:28:00 PM

ဇုိမီးေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအသင္း- ျမန္မာျပည္ မွ သဘာဝေဘးသင့္ ျပည္သူမ်ား ကယ္ဆယ္ေရး စခန္းမ်ား သုိ႔ေပးအပ္လွဴဒါန္း

 ဇုိမီးေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအသင္း- ျမန္မာျပည္ မွ တီးတိန္ျမဳိ႕ရွိ သဘာဝေဘးသင့္ ျပည္သူမ်ား ကယ္ဆယ္ေရး စခန္းမ်ား သုိ႔ေပးအပ္လွဴဒါန္း ၾသဂုတ္ ၉၊ ၂၀၁၅ အဆက္မျပတ္ မိုး႐ြာသြန္းျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ႐ြာလုံးကြၽတ္ ေျမျပဳိသည့္ ေဘးန႔ဲ ေတြ႕ၾကဳံေနေသာ ကဂင္ေက်း႐ြာ န႔ဲ ဝုန္ေမြာလ္ ေက်း႐ြာ ျပည္သူမ်ား အတြက္ဖြင့္လွစ္ထားေသာ တီးတိန္ၿမိဳ႕ရွိ သဘာဝေဘးသင့္ ျပညာသူမ်ား ကယ္ဆယ္ေရး စခန္း (၁) နွင့္ (၂)သုိ႔ ဇုိမီးေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအသင္း- ျမန္မာျပည္ မွ အစားအေသာက၊္ အေျခခံလိုအပ္ေသာေဆးဝါးမ်ားနွင့္ အသုံးအေဆာင္ပစြည္းမ်ား ေပးအပ္လွဴဒါန္း ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။ အဆုိပါ ကယ္ဆယ္ေရး စခန္း (၁) နွင့္ (၂) တြင္ သဘာဝေဘးေရွာင္ ျပည္သူ ေပါင္း ၂၅၀ ေက်ာ္ရွိေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

NLD ကုိ အားကုိးလုိ႔ မျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ဦးခြန္ထြန္းဦးေျပာ

NLD ကုိ အားကုိးလုိ႔ မျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ဦးခြန္ထြန္းဦးေျပာ

Party   10:15:00 AM

NLD အစိုးရကို တုိင္းရင္းသားေတြ အားကိုးလို႔မရေတာ့ေၾကာင္းနဲ႔ တိုင္းရင္းသား မဟာမိတ္အဖဲြ႔ေတြနဲ႔ တိုင္းရင္းသား လႊတ္ေတာ္ကုိယ္စားလွယ္ေတြကိုသာ အားကိုးရမွာ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ရွမ္းတိုင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ဒီမိုကေရစီအဖဲြ႔ခ်ဳပ္ ဥကၠဌ ဦးခြန္ထြန္းဦးက ေျပာပါတယ္။

ဒီကေန႔ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ ရွမ္းတုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ဒီမိုကေရစီအဖဲြ႔ခ်ဳပ္ SNLD ရံုးခ်ဳပ္မွာ က်င္းပတဲ့ ညီညြတ္ေသာ တိုင္းရင္းသား လူမ်ိဳးမ်ား မဟာမိတ္အဖဲြ႔ UNA အစည္းအေဝးမွာ ဦးခြန္ထြန္းဦးက တက္ေရာက္လာတဲ့ တုိင္းရင္းသားေခါင္းေဆာင္ေတြကို ရွင္းျပခဲ့တာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

"အားကိုးတႀကီးနဲ႔ မဲထည့္လိုက္တယ္၊ ထည့္လိုက္တဲ့အခါက်ေတာ့ ရလာဒ္က ရခိုင္ကိစၥမွာ ေတာ္ေတာ္ေလးကို သိသိသာသာႀကီးျဖစ္သြားၿပီ၊ အဲ့ဒီေတာ့ ဆိုလိုျခင္းကေတာ့ ဘယ္နည္းနဲ႔မဆို NLD သည္ တိုင္းရင္းသား အေရးအတြက္ကေတာ့ သိပ္အားမကိုးရေတာ့ဘူး၊ တိုင္းရင္းသားေတြအားကိုးစရာဆိုလို႔ UNA ဒါမွမဟုတ္ NBF ရွိခဲ့ရင္လည္း NBF  ျဖစ္လာမွာေပါ့ဗ်ာ၊ ေနာက္ၿပီးေတာ့ က်ေနာ္တို႔ လႊတ္ေတာ္မွာတက္ေနတဲ့ တိုင္းရင္းသား လႊတ္ေတာ္ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ေတြေပါ့ေနာ္"

အဲ့ဒီအစည္းအေဝးမွာ အရင္က အဖဲြ႔ဝင္ ၈ ဖဲြ႔ရိွတဲ့ UNA ကို ေနာက္ထပ္အဖဲြ႔ ၄ ဖဲြ႔ကို လက္ခံလိုက္ၿပီး အခုဆိုရင္ အဖဲြ႔ဝင္ ၁၂ ဖဲြ႔ ရိွပါတယ္။ အသစ္ဝင္ေရာက္လာတဲ့ အဖဲြ႔ေတြကေတာ့ ခူမီး (ခမီ) အမ်ိဳးသားပါတီ၊ ဓႏုတုိင္းရင္းသား လူမ်ိဳးမ်ား ဒီမုိကေရစီ ပါတီ၊ ရခုိင္မ်ိဳးခ်စ္ပါတီ၊ ၿမိဳအမ်ိဳးသား ဒီမုိကေရစီပါတီေတြျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

လက္ရိွ အမ်ိဳးသားလႊတ္ေတာ္ ဒုတိယဥကၠဌ ဦးေအးသာေအာင္က ၂၁ရာစု ပင္လံုညီလာခံက်င္းပရင္ေတာင္ ဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုျဖစ္ဖို႔ အလားအလာ နည္းေနေသးေၾကာင္းနဲ႕ စိတ္မေလ်ွာ့ၾကပဲ ႀကိဳးစားၾကဖို႔ လိုအပ္ေၾကာင္း ေျပာပါတယ္။

ညီညြတ္ေသာ တုိင္းရင္းသား လူမ်ိဳးမ်ား မဟာမိတ္အဖြဲ႔ (UNA) အစည္းအေဝးကုိ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ ၉ မုိင္က ရွမ္းတုိင္းရင္းသား ဒီမုိကေရစီအဖြဲ႔ခ်ဳပ္ (SNLD) ရုံးမွာ က်င္းပခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အဲ့ဒီအစည္းေဝးမွာ UNA အဖြဲ႔ဝင္အျဖစ္ ပါဝင္ခြင့္ရဖုိ႔ တင္ျပထားတဲ့ တုိင္းရင္းသား ႏုိင္ငံေရးပါတီေတြကုိ လက္ခံသင့္၊ မသင့္ ကိစၥနဲ႔ UNA အဖြဲ႔ရဲ႕ ေရွ႕လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ေတြကုိ ေဆြးေႏြးခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္။

RFA သတင္းေထာက္ ကုိေက်ာ္ထြန္းႏုိင္က တင္ျပထားပါတယ္။

Unicode

NLD အစိုးရကို တိုင်းရင်းသားတွေ အားကိုးလို့မရတော့ကြောင်းနဲ့ တိုင်းရင်းသား မဟာမိတ်အဖွဲ့တွေနဲ့ တိုင်းရင်းသား လွှတ်တော်ကိုယ်စားလှယ်တွေကိုသာ အားကိုးရမှာ ဖြစ်ကြောင်း ရှမ်းတိုင်းရင်းသားများ ဒီမိုကရေစီအဖွဲ့ချုပ် ဥက္ကဌ ဦးခွန်ထွန်းဦးက ပြောပါတယ်။
ဒီကနေ့ ရန်ကုန်မြို့ ရှမ်းတိုင်းရင်းသားများ ဒီမိုကရေစီအဖွဲ့ချုပ် SNLD ရုံးချုပ်မှာ ကျင်းပတဲ့ ညီညွတ်သော တိုင်းရင်းသား လူမျိုးများ မဟာမိတ်အဖွဲ့ UNA အစည်းအဝေးမှာ ဦးခွန်ထွန်းဦးက တက်ရောက်လာတဲ့ တိုင်းရင်းသားခေါင်းဆောင်တွေကို ရှင်းပြခဲ့တာဖြစ်ပါတယ်။
"အားကိုးတကြီးနဲ့ မဲထည့်လိုက်တယ်၊ ထည့်လိုက်တဲ့အခါကျတော့ ရလာဒ်က ရခိုင်ကိစ္စမှာ တော်တော်လေးကို သိသိသာသာကြီးဖြစ်သွားပြီ၊ အဲ့ဒီတော့ ဆိုလိုခြင်းကတော့ ဘယ်နည်းနဲ့မဆို NLD သည် တိုင်းရင်းသား အရေးအတွက်ကတော့ သိပ်အားမကိုးရတော့ဘူး၊ တိုင်းရင်းသားတွေအားကိုးစရာဆိုလို့ UNA ဒါမှမဟုတ် NBF ရှိခဲ့ရင်လည်း NBF  ဖြစ်လာမှာပေါ့ဗျာ၊ နောက်ပြီးတော့ ကျနော်တို့ လွှတ်တော်မှာတက်နေတဲ့ တိုင်းရင်းသား လွှတ်တော်ကိုယ်စားလှယ်တွေပေါ့နော်"
အဲ့ဒီအစည်းအဝေးမှာ အရင်က အဖွဲ့ဝင် ၈ ဖွဲ့ရှိတဲ့ UNA ကို နောက်ထပ်အဖွဲ့ ၄ ဖွဲ့ကို လက်ခံလိုက်ပြီး အခုဆိုရင် အဖွဲ့ဝင် ၁၂ ဖွဲ့ ရှိပါတယ်။ အသစ်ဝင်ရောက်လာတဲ့ အဖွဲ့တွေကတော့ ခူမီး (ခမီ) အမျိုးသားပါတီ၊ ဓနုတိုင်းရင်းသား လူမျိုးများ ဒီမိုကရေစီ ပါတီ၊ ရခိုင်မျိုးချစ်ပါတီ၊ မြိုအမျိုးသား ဒီမိုကရေစီပါတီတွေဖြစ်ပါတယ်။
လက်ရှိ အမျိုးသားလွှတ်တော် ဒုတိယဥက္ကဌ ဦးအေးသာအောင်က ၂၁ရာစု ပင်လုံညီလာခံကျင်းပရင်တောင် ဖက်ဒရယ်ပြည်ထောင်စုဖြစ်ဖို့ အလားအလာ နည်းနေသေးကြောင်းနဲ့ စိတ်မလျှော့ကြပဲ ကြိုးစားကြဖို့ လိုအပ်ကြောင်း ပြောပါတယ်။
ညီညွတ်သော တိုင်းရင်းသား လူမျိုးများ မဟာမိတ်အဖွဲ့ (UNA) အစည်းအဝေးကို ရန်ကုန်မြို့ ၉ မိုင်က ရှမ်းတိုင်းရင်းသား ဒီမိုကရေစီအဖွဲ့ချုပ် (SNLD) ရုံးမှာ ကျင်းပခဲ့ပါတယ်။ အဲ့ဒီအစည်းဝေးမှာ UNA အဖွဲ့ဝင်အဖြစ် ပါဝင်ခွင့်ရဖို့ တင်ပြထားတဲ့ တိုင်းရင်းသား နိုင်ငံရေးပါတီတွေကို လက်ခံသင့်၊ မသင့် ကိစ္စနဲ့ UNA အဖွဲ့ရဲ့ ရှေ့လုပ်ငန်းစဉ်တွေကို ဆွေးနွေးခဲ့ကြပါတယ်။
RFA သတင်းထောက် ကိုကျော်ထွန်းနိုင်က တင်ပြထားပါတယ်။

Src: RFA

ZOMITE' PIANKHIATNA THU

ZOMITE' PIANKHIATNA THU

Zomi History   12:14:00 AM

Zomite Koipan Hong Piang
                                                                                           Agelh leh a kaikhawm:Tg.Hangdal

Thumasa

Zom tangthu kante kan na panin,Zomite' thu gendan leh muhdan a ki banglo ding tawh kibang hi.Ahi zonghin Mongolia pan a pai i hihna mi khempeuh in,kipom kimciat hi.Tua hihman in Zomite pianna thu,a kicing theipen leh a tom theipen dingin hih anuai ah ki gelh hi.

Ei Zomite' pen tuma kum tampi lai-in,Mongolia gam pan in Tibet gam sung mualsang tung a om,Mongol minam sungpan apiang,Mongolia minam ih hi hi.Tua hun lai-in,siak haksat hun ahihman in,sing zum suang zum tawh galkido in a nungta Zomite ih hi a,Mun kip gam kip neilo in a lal kawikawite' ih hi hi.

Zomite Piankhiatna Thu

Tibet gam sungah ih teen lai-in,Kawlgam ah Nigarito leh Indozini te na tengg khin zo uh hi.Tibet gamah gal leh sa haksa in Monkhama Taishan leh Tibeto Burman minam lian thum in na khen uh a,Monkhama minamte in Salween gun leh Mechaung gun dung zui-in,Kawlgam na tung uh hi.Kawlgam a tengsa Nigarito leh Indozini mite hawlkhia-in Irrawady,Sittaung leh Salween gun kuamtengah na tengg uh hi.Kawlgam sungah a teng miteng lakpan in,a tengmasapen te ih hi hi.Kawlgam mi hong tam semsem ciangin mun tuamtuam ah na lal kawikawi uh a,tua hun a minthang kumpite in Tuhawanabungmih(Thanto),Hantawady(Okkalapa),Dagon,Bassein,Thanlyan,Twinty,Moulmein,Pegu leh Mohatama khuapite' ahi hi.

Monkhama minamte Kawlgam a tun zawh asawtlo in,Tibeto Burman a kici minamte' Tibet gam nisuah na lam teng Bramaputra gun dung zui-in na lal uh a,tua pan Irraway leh Talawady(Chindwin)gun dung zui-in,Kawlgam a lut mite ahi uh hi.Tua minamte Takaung khua-ah na teng uh a,Kawlgam a tung minam nihnate na hi uh hi.

BC 100 kumpawl in China gam Yangyi gun khang lama teng Taishan mite in China kumpi kumpi khutnuai leh ukna thuak zolo in,Shan gam tengah na teng uh hi.AC 200 kum pawlin,Asia gampan Karen mite hong lal in,Irrawady leh Salween gun kuam kikal ah hong teng uh a,tua mun pan pawlkhatte zang gam leh pawlkhatte mualtungah na teng uh hi.Zanggam Karente leh mualtung Karen mite na hi uh hi.(1947 kum G.E Harvey gelh,"Outline of Burma History" leh 1947 kum Daw Thein gelh,"Burmese History",laibu sungah ki ciamteh hi.)

(a)Pyun,Kanyan,Tet Minam Kipat Khiatna

Tua hun lai-in Kawlgam sunga tng minamte in amau leh amau ki uk uh hi.Takaung khua ah  Abrirasa in kumpi sem a,a sih ciangin a tapa kanyasakyi  leh Kanyasage apa kumpi za ki tuh uh hi.Kanyasage kumpi a suak hi.A upa kanyasakyi  Takaung khuapan in a galkapte tawh Talawady(Chindwin)gunkan in Bunglung(Zasagyo)khua na sat uh hi.

Kanyasage kumppai a sih ciangin,Duatapoing in a za laihin Takaung khuapan lalkhia a,Tazikhitaza khua asat hi.Duatapong a sih ciangin,Tamudare in kumpi sema,gam leh lei makaih zolo in AC 721 kum kim pawlin Tazekhitiza khua kisia a,Pyu,Kanyan,Tet minam thum in hong kikhen uh hi.Pyu te Kawlmi,Kangyante Rakhine mi,Tet minamte(Chin)Zomite na hi uh hi.(G.E Harvey gelh,"Outline Burma History"ah ki gelh hi.)

Tua bang minam thum hong kikhen uh ciangin,Pyu leh Kayan te hong kido uh a,Kayan te in Tazekhitaza khua hong nusia in nitum na lam Tahndwe(Sandoway)mualtungah na teng uh hi.Pyu minam sungah,ki lemlohna hong piang veve hi.Amau leh amau hong ki do uh hi.Pyu te khen thum hong kihen uh a,khenkhat in Diahbenmite beelin,Khenkhat in Tet mite beelin,khenkhat in Tazekhitaza puahpha in na teng uh hi.(G.E Harvey gelh,"Outline Burma History", leh Daw Thein gelh,"Burma History",ah ki gelh hi.)

(b)Tet(Chin) minamte Khenpi Thum in Kikhen

AC 721 kum Tamuhdare kumpi hun sungin,Tazekhitaza kisia ahihman in,minam lian thum in a kikhen khit uh ciangin,Chin(Zomi)te in mun leh gam zong dingin,a sul masa uh gun dung mah hong zui kik uh a,khenpi nih in ong kikhento uh hi.

A pai masate Irrawady leh Chindwin ki tuahna mun a tun uh ciangin,nahtang tampi a pona mun hong tuak uh hi.A nung hong pai a naute' theih dingin,nahtang kungte tem tawh sattan uh hi.Tua nahtang sattan te asawtlo in hong dawk kik pah a,tua ciangin paito suak lai uh a,"ih ute pha zo nawn kei ni"ci-in Bahmaw gam teng ah khua na sat pah uh hi.Tua mite pen Tet pan Kachin mite na kici uh hi.A ute uh tawh a kiman suah na uh a phawkna dingin,tempaai a bawl uh ciangin,a pheel langkhat bek a bawk uh hi.Inn a lam uh ciangin zongh,a ute' tun na ding ci-in dei khat awng sak den uh hi cih thu 1978 kum akibawl"Kalzang Suante beh Tangthu",sungah ki gelh hi.

A pai masate pai na atehih zawh nawnlo uh ciangin,anaute in Chindwin gun hong kantan uh a,Sagaing,Monywa,pagan,Nyuangoo khuate sat in na teng uh hi.Tua gam a teen sungin Tet pen Chin min hongpia a,tua a teenna mun teng pen,"Chinte phual kici-in,tudongin a mun a gam ciapteh theih ding in om lai hi.Tua hun a kipan Talawady pan Chindwin gun ci-in kikhel hi.

Monywa khua kiang Sabani khua pan in tai nihna mun ah Chinte' tual biakna bawlna suangpi' pi sawm leh thum(13')a sangkhat tu dongin,muh theih ding om a,tua mun pen Kawlte in,"Chin Phaya"(Chin god)na ci uh hi.Zomite in "pasian Phaya"cih  hin mun pek pan a piang  kammal a hi hi.(Falam gam kum 100 cin magazine laibu,laimai 232 ah ki gelh hi.)Pagan khua min hong pian theihna a cil in Pugamah,Pigamah cih kammal hi a,tua pan Pagan kici hi cih thu,U Ba Than gelh,"Kyaungtung Myanma  Yazawin',tangthu bu sung leh Dr.Neih Sial Tualcin Ph.D gelh,"Guite kual a lutna",laimai 2 ah leh AD 1044 a Kawlte khuapi Pagan pen ihpu ihpa te phuahsa hi ci-in,ki gelh.

(c)Tet minamte Ki ukna

Tua hunin a mau tun na tek uh ah amau leh mau ki uk uh hi.Kawlgam sungah Pyu.(Mon leh Tet (Chin)kumpite minthan hun ahi hi.Tua hun lai China gam vilte tawh sum kilei ki zuak ki nei uh a,AD 750 kum in China kumpipa Kolofeng in Pyu kumpi gam simin na zo a,Pyu kumpipa neihsa teng leh a galkap teng matsakin Kunming khua ah a ciah pih hi.Tua hun in Tet(Chin)te teen na singkulh tawh ki um in,a laizangah kumpi-inn kilam hi.Kumpi inn kimkot ah sing khuam phut in kham leh Ngun tawh kumpi inn zem hi ki ci hi.(JH Tun Thawng gelh,"Zomite Takhhana",laibu.)

(d)Tette'  phualpi Pagan pan Kikhenna

AD 835 kumin Nancho kumpi in Tet kumpi khua Pagan sim in na zo a,a kahm a ngen te leh a galkap 3000 matsak in,Irrawady gun dung aom Kham leh ngente a zongsak hi.Tet te in Nacho kumpi lel uh a hihman un,kithehthang leuleu uh a,pawlkhatte Irraway gun dung zui-in Prome,Tahazet,Aunglan,Minbu gam tengah lal khia uh hi.Tua te in Plain Chin,Asho chin,Salai Chin kici uh hi.Pawlkhate Kaladan gun dung zui-in,na lal leuleu uh a,Mindat,Kanpelet gam a tengg te Cho kici-in,Paletwa gam a tengte Khumi kici uh hi.

Pawlkhatte in Chindwin gun dung zuito uh a,Chindwin leh Meitei gun ki tuahna mun a tun uh ciangin galnan na dingin,mun hoihsa uh hi.Khaman(Kale)leh Natchaung(Enden)kuam tengah AD 850 pawl in na tung uh hi.A om lai pawlkhate Chindwin gun dung zuito Mawlaike saklam na tung uh hi..Tua mite in tu hun ciangin Kuki(Tangkun)leh Naga(Phizo) minamte a hi uh hi.Pawlkhatte Pagan,Nyuangoo mun tengah lokho in teng uh hi.

Tet (Chin)minamte a tuntun na uh ah amau leh mau ki uk in,Khaman(Kale)a tun uh ciangin,a om sa Shan mite uk sung tung kha uh ahihman in,nuamsa lo uh hi.Tua Khaman a om sungin,Shante ngeina zui-in,Langkui mual(Kalay Natchaung kikal)kum simin bawngkhat ta tawh bia uh hi.

Hih bangin ei Zomite nuntak nopna zon na leh gal leh sa kihtakna hangin,mun tuam tuam gam tuamtuam ha kithehthang hanga,kampau mukpau te ki theih pih nawnlo in,a sau vei ciangin ih teen na mun leh gam zui-in,minam tuamtuam,beh leh phung tuamtuam ih hita hi.

(e)Tu lai Zomite' Teenna Mun Leh Minamte'

1.Tedim,Tonzang gam sung a om te in Zo,Yo,Yao,kici a,tua teng pen tu-in "ZOMI" ci-in khat leh khat kisam hi.

2.Falam,Hakha leh Thantlang gam sung teng a omte in LAI,LAIZO cih kisam na pan"LAIMI"ci-in khat leh khat kisam hi.

3.Mindat,Kanpalet gam sung teng a omte in CHO,CHOU<CHHAW,ci-in kisam uh hi.(Cho pen mualtung mi,Zomi tawh kibang hi.

4.Paletwa gam sung teng a om te KHU,KHUMI,leh KHAMI ci-in kisam uh hi.

5.India gam,Mizo gam sung a omte in MIZO cin nam khat bek in kisam uh hi.

6.India gam,Asaam leh Manipur gam sung a om te pen nidangin,PAITE ci-in kisam uh a,ahizongh in tu-in ZOMI ci-in amaan thu mu uh hi.Tu-in tua mah tawh kisam ta uh hi.

7.Naga gam mualdun teng leh Mawlaik gam sung a omte in TANGKHUL na kici uh hi.

8.Matupi gam sung a omte in,ZO leh LAI ci-in nam nih in na kisam uh hi.

9.Zang gam sung a om ahi Tayet,Tantwe,Aunglan,Minbu,Taungdwingyi,Natmauk,Pyinmana khuapi a tengte in ASHO CHIN na kici uh hi.

10.India leh Kawlgam kikal gam nawl khuate ahi Tamu,Homalin khua a tengte pen Mikang te'n,Zogam hong uk hun lai un,KUKI ci-in na kisam uh a,tu-in KUKI,KHUANGSAI leh THAHDO ci-in na kisam uh hi.

11.Rakhaing gam sung a omte in,CHAW,KYAW ci-in kisam uh hi.

12.AD 1300 kum kim pawlin Pagan a om mualsuang laite tungah a ki gelh lai ah,Kawlte'n Zomite' pen CHIN,KHYANG leh CHYN ci-in hongsam uh hi.

13.Shan leh Kachinte in,CHANG,KHANG in hong sam uh hi.

14.Karen leh Rakhaingte in,CHAW ci-in hong sam uh hi.

15.Mon minam te'n CHIENG,KHYENG ci-in hongsam uh hi.

(F)ZOMI Namte sungah Minam Neu Tuamtuam Kikhenna

Kawlgam sungah minam lianpi 6 na om a,tua sungpan in nam neu tuamtuam 135 om hi kici hi.Kachin minam sungpan in,nam neu khen 12 om hi.Karen minam sungpan in namneu 11 om hi.Zo minam sungpan in,nam neu 53 om hi.Kawl minamte sungah,nam neu 9 om hi.mon minam neu sungah,nam neu 1 bek om hi.Shan minam te sungah,nam neu 33 om hi hang.

Tu-in Zo minamte sung aom nam neu tuamtuamte a nuai abangin kimu thei hi.Ih gensa bangin Zo minamte lakah nam neu 53 om,kampau 60 val bang om hi ci-in,kimu hi.Tuate sungpan in:-

1.Falam gam sungah:-Tapawng,Ngawn,(Hih Ngawnte pen Tedim gam panin,Falam gam zuante ahi uh hi.)Zanggiat,Taisun,Zahau,Laizo,Sim,Khualsim,Lente,Hualngo,Lunghawh cih bangin,nam 11 bang om hi.

By Phun Kar Thang

2.Hakha leh Thantlang gam sungah:-Senthan,Zophei,Miram,Mine,Thawr,Lautu,Khualsim,Hakha cih bangin,nam 8 om hi.

By Salai Taung Saing Lyian

3.Tedim leh Tonzang gam sungah:-Teizang,Sihzang,Saizang,Zo,Dim,Thahdo,Hualngo,Guite,(Vangteh pau) Vaiphei,Phaileng cih bangin nam 11 bang ki om hi.Tua banah beh nam 237 om hi.

By Thang Za Tuan,Yangon

4.Matupi gam sungah:-Zotung,Dai,Matu,Mara,Lautu cih bangin nam 5 om hi.

By U Van Peng,Matupi

5.Paletwa gam sungah:-Khumi,Tamin,Rakhaing,Kathet,Kaziat,Pongnauk,Khawngsu,Anu,Songmatu,Wakung,Khinnauk,Letu,Matutara,Khung,Hniseh,cih bangin nam 15 om hi.

By U Aung Kyaw,Paletwa

6.Kanpalet leh Paletwa gam sungah:-Kuansian,Kumram,Koktu,Kheitu,Khungchi,Ashung,Chiaisamanatu,Seituimanatui,Tashu,Tataa,Thankung,Data,Panta,Bautu,Matui,Mangthang,Yutu,Suibobawbok,Suilaung,Rapsa,Siaptuisepa,Ram,Rawngkhaw,Rai,Lawi,Hlar,Lungsachaungsa,Lungpyauh,Hungtui,Amlong,Ungtui,Sianhnunghatdi cih bangin nam 32 bang om hi.

By Mindat Boning,Mindat Yugin

7.Asho zomite pen:-Magwe gam,Minbu gam,ngape gam,Rakhaing gam,Pegu gam,Irrawady gam leh Yangon gam cih bangin,a tuamtuam na teng uh a,kampau khat bek zangh khawm thei uh hi.Asho zomite sungah Pa-at,Tanhmong,Konsit leh Kanan cih bangin nam 4 in na kikhen uh hi.

By Dr Salai Aung Taik

(g)Kachin leh Chin Unau ih hihna

Ei Zomi anei zaw deuhte in Talap(Kongbuk)innka mong sikkang inn ahih kei leh singtom tawh ki lam tangvalte giah nangin inn lam thei hihang.Hih buk a ki mawk lam hilo a,Khanglui mite in,ih sanggam Kachin mite ong paitak ciangin,a zin tun na ding na ci uh hi.Tu mah bangin sanggam Kachinte in zongh inn alam uh ciangin,inn sung dei no khat na tuam bawl leuleu uh hi.Tempai abawl uh ciangin,a lang bawllo uh a,tua a lang pen Malih leh Malihkha gun kuam a ih ki man suahna,ih kiphak lohna mun nahtang tampi a na tuah laivua,tua nahtang a sattan na  tempaai khat Zomite kep na ci uh hi.Ih ki muh kik ciangin bup tuah kik ding na ci se lai uh hi.

(h)Ki-it na Khitui

AD 2003 January kha sungin,Kawlgam buppi Tuiphum pawlpite kum thum sim kikhopna(Khawmpi)Kachin gam Mytkyina khua-ah tungin thupi mahmah hi.Palik galkapte cih bang kul lo in,khangnote in tavuan la a,buaina ,haksatna khat zong omlo hi.Tua khawmpi man ni,nitakin Kachin lhe Chin te K.B.C zumpi sungahei unau kimuh tuamna leh holimna nei nuam hang ci-in omkhawm uh hi.Tua lai ah K.B.C Chairman pa hong thusunna ah,"Tuma kum thum lai-in,no Zomi te'n "Zam"khap kua khat nong piak pen uh lungam hong thukkik nuam ung",ci-inthu hong sung uh a,unau khat ih hihna thute hong genkhit uh ciangin,Kachin tempaai lnagkhat neilo abawl uh,lungdamkohna in tempaai hongpia uh hi."Tu-in a ki mukik hi hang,ih tempaai  a bup tuah thei kik hihang",ci-in hong gen uh hi.

Tua pawisim avapai Zomi palaai taangmite leh sanggam Kachinte a nak ngek uh na in,khitui naptui ki luangtek hi."Mailam ah ih tu ihta te Gospel ih ki paituak na ding leh ih ki-it semsem na dingin,ih omna ciat pan hanciam tek ni",ci-in ki vaikhak uh hi.


(i)Lal khiat Cilna leh Khawlzang  Tunna

Ih pu ih pate Tibet gam sungah a om lai un bangmah ki khualna om nailo in,inn leh lo zong neilo uh hi.Tua hih man,leihawm,suang hawm peuh beel in na om lel uh hi.A ki patkhiat cil in Kawlte a tuam in paikhia masa uh a,ih pu ih pa te Kachin mite tawh tawlkhat tonkhawm in amau nungah en' a zui ih hi hi.Amau pialna theilo in,mailam nawtin kipaisak hi.Lampi ah nahtang a bantanna uh a laingek na dawk to khin ahihman in,ih sanggamte tawh gamlapi ki hal khinta ni ci-in delh sawm nawnlo uh ahihman in,a kikhen kha ih hihi na ci uh hi.

Tui kaang dung acih Chindwin gun dung kizui suksuk hi a,a khangsim in na teng suksuk uh hi.Asawt ciangin pawlkhatte Khawhken na tung uh a,pawlkhatte leuleu Khawlzang na tung uh hi.Khawhken a cih gun tawbina ci-in tua mun pen,tu hun a Gunkhawm hih tuak hi.Khawlzang ih cih gun dungpan ka khia hi a,Kawlzang ih tun cilna mun kici thei ding hi.Nidang lai-in ih pu ihpate khawlkhawm,teng khawm,ki ngak khawm cihna mun ahi hi.Tua Khawlzang munah kum 400 bangki teng phial dingin ki um mawh hi.Ih kim ih pam a om mite'n khawlte ahih kei leh Kawlte na ci uh hi.Khawlzang pen tu hun a Kale Kabaw huam khempeuh hi dingin ki um mawh hi.Tua hun laipek in Khuang,Zam,Phit,Sialki,Gawsem,Liamlo,Kilong,Dakbu,Khipi tang lehKhibanhte pua kawikawi a,Thangmual dawl a tun uh ciangin a khuadak uh leh nopci sa in paipai uh a,Khawlzang khua a lal san suak uh ahi hi.

(j)Khawlzang Phuisamna

     Khimpi zinni,Khapi kiatni,Khawhken ah Khawl zangah

Micin sa nung kikhawl nung,Tungpi suah ni khapi nem nikpi Na niksan hong hai ta teh,Na nik la a na pai kik leh,Vanu khulpi hong khup nelh ta leh,khul vangah hong suakta teh,Dawi-in kau-in hong piangta teh,gan  tualngo zingin kuan teh,Na gan tualngo zon hi guh tep ke'n,Nagan tualngo zo um nga ta,Na khua zuan in na tui zuan in,A tong a lam ding hong ngaklah hi.

Khul sungah a teen lai uh hita leh,Khawhkhen a teen lai uh hita leh,Khawlzang a a teen lai uh hita leh,hih phuisamna kammal te in,hong theisak hi.Tua ciangin Ciamvumpi dung zui-in,hong paito uh a,Mutuam vum hong tun madeuhin lam khangah kawmpi khatna mu uh hi.Tua munah sawtpi tak mah na teng leuleu uh a,tua mun pen,"KHUL PI"na ci uh hi.

Tua ahihman in Khangluite in,KHUL a piang hihang na ci uh hi.Bang hang hiam cih leh i pu ih pa te in,Mongolia pan hong paikhiat cil akipan un inn kip lo kip neilo in teenna dingin kawhawm,leihawm peuh na beel uh hi.Khul ah ih om lai ciang bek na thei uh a,tua ban siah na thei nawnlo uh ahihman in,Ei Zomite khul a piang hihang a ci kha  hi ding hi.Ih pu ih pate thah leh mat a thupi sak,ahih man bang un tua mun panin nuamsa tuanlo in,sa tam na,gam hoihna mah na zong lai veve uh a,tua mun pan in mun tuamtuam ah kikhen in,khua na sat kawikawi uh hi.

Thulak na:

2004 kum a Yangon a kibawl Jasuan Beh Teizang Nam Sagihte Khantangthu Bu"sungpan a kila sawn ahi hi.

3.A HIH LEH ZOMI IH CIH KUA TE?

Zomi ih cih pen Zosuante ih cih,Mizo te'n"Zo  Hnakthlak"a cih teng British kumpi in,hong uk ma in amau hong caipntehna ah,"will hill tribes"ci-in,ih gam pen"un-administered area"ci uh hi.Zosuan lak a nitum na lam a tung masate Bengali leh Assamese te'n "Kuki"ci-in na ciamteh uh a,hih pen mikang lai tawh a ki ciaptehna 1792 kum hi ding hi.Britist kumpi in 1872 kuma Mizoram lak a kipat ciangin,tua laitak a Lushei kampau tampen a hih na tawh a gam"Lushei Hills"vawh pah hi.Kawlgam lamah ahih leh"Chin"ci-in hong ciamteh hi.Ahi zongin,Chin cih kammal bang cihna,koipan hong kipan,bang hun a paing cih kankhiatna taktak om nailo hi.Lam khat pan in Zo minamte Chin hong kicihna Kawlte hong lawhna a ki kawm maw?A hih kei leh  Mikang Galkapte in Chin hills/Cin hills a na cih uh maw cih zong ki theilo hi.

Bangbang hita leh Chin ih cihte Kawlgam lam a om teng kitangsak zaw deuh in,India gam lam a om teng Lushei ahih kei leh Kuki,cih ki tangsak zaw deuh hi.Mikangte in Zomi nam teng mi khat sa kha hong muhna tawh lom khat a hong lawh nop uh ciangin,"Chin-Kuki"cih bangin,"Chin-Lushei"cih bangin hong lo uh hi.Tua ahihman in Britist kumpi in,Zominamte ten na teng ukna ding a 1896 kum a ki bawl thukhun zong,"Chin Hill Regulation Act"vawh ziau uh hi.

Hih thukhun pen Chin hills banah Lusheite,Kuki te leh Nagate' ten na teng huamsakin ki zangh hi.Mikangte in Chin,Kuki,Lushei, c a hong ciamteh uh hangin,amau mah in,"Amau pen Chin hiam Kuki hiam kici hetlo mah uh hi ven,"hong ci kik veve uh hi.J.G Scott in a laibu bawl na ah,""Burma"cihah,"The names Kuki and Chin are not given to them by the burmese and ourselves:theu do not call themselves Zhou or Shu,and in other parts Yo (Zo)or Lai"ci-in,Dr.G.A Grierson leh midangte muh na mah tawh kituak in na gelh hi.

Bertram S. Carey leh H.N Tuck te'n zong Zote,Thahdote leh Guite thu a gelh khopna ah,"These Zos,Thados and Guites are called by the manipuris Kuki or khongjais,who onl made their acquaintance after they had migrated north,but the people call themselves by the name of Zo(Yo),ci-in na ciamteh uh hi.Guite innpipa Pu Go Khawn Thang zong,"Go Khaw Thang who,as already  related,was  seized by the manipurs in the course of the Lushei expedition of 1871-72,was the Zo chief of Mualpi,"ci-in Zo hausa mah na ci hi.

Mikangte in Chin,Kuki ci-in hong ciapteh uh hangin amau mah in"Zou"mah nong ci veve uh hi.Ei Zomite pen leitung minam lompi thum a om laka Mongoloid minam hiang khat hi-in,kampau tawh ki zui-in Mongoloid minam laka Tebeto-Burman hiang khat ih hih lam hong tel mahmah uh hi.Mikangte hong lawhna uh om bangin, ei zong tu a kipanin hih sungah"Zomi nam"ci-in zang ta ding hi hang.

Zomi namte pen minam thukante in, Mongolian mite suan..Tebeto-Burman laka mi."hi dan in gen uh a,kipom kim theitek hi leh kilawm hi."Mongol pen minam min hi-in,"Mongolian"pen zepna kammal(adjective)hi a,"Mongolia"cih a gam min genna in ki zangh hi."Mongoloid"cih leuleu pen'Mongol minam suan leh khak teng genna-in ki zangh hi.Tua hi a,Zomi namte in"Khat"ih hi hi.Zomi namte in ih bul ih phung taktak(ethic orgin)a kikan khia nailo ahih hangin, ei pen Tibet gam tawnin Sengam pan Kawlzang ah tungin,tua pan in tua a ih om na tengah a ki zeel hihang,cih ih om thei tek hi.

Pu Vum Son muhna ah ih minam min"Zo"cih pen"Zo"kici suante ih hihman hi,na ci hi.Tua ih pu ihpa te gam in,Sengamah ei tawh ih kibatpih Tibet mite,Kawl,Naga,Bodo,Kachin,Lahu-te tawh teng khawm hi.Sengam pan in Jesuh suah mapek in,sim lamah ki taikhia-in,Jesu suah khit kum 100 khawng ciangin,Chindwin gam kuam tengah ki teng ta hi,ci hi.Kawlzang panin, Zo minamte AD 1000 kumpawl pan in nitumna lam khamtung gam ah tai kipanta dingin ki ummawh hi.Khamtung gam a tai,pawlkhatte in Ciimnuai khuasat uh a,tuate pen tu laitak a"Zomi"a kici Tedim gam,Tonzang gam,Manipur gam leh Mizoram dong a teng,Ciimnuai a piang a kici tneg ih hi hi.Ciimnuai khua mun in,tu laitak Saizang khua khang ahi hi.Pawlkhatte in Sunthla khua kiangah Lailun khua sat uh a,tuate tu laitak a"Lai"a kici Falam,HLailun piang zongh kici uh hi.Pawlkhatte in Suunpi munah Bochung khua sat uh a,tua te Lushei suan minam tuamtuamte hi-in,tua panin tulai tak a Mizoram kici-ah kizel uh hi.

A tailo te Zo minam pawlkhatte Yaw gamah thaam suak uh a,Kawlte tawh ki gawm uh ahihman inKawl bang buang,Zo bang buang khat suak uhi.Kawlte in,"Zo"pen "Yaw"ci-in gelh uh ahihman in,"Yaw mi"a suak uh ahi hi.

Zo minamte khamtung lamah a lom in a tai ma in khamtung gamah khumi/Khamite na tung zo uh hih tuak hi.Asho te pen khamtung kahlo in Kawlang leh Arakan zang lam zuan uh hi.Cho te bang ci lal uh cih ki theilo hi.

Hih bangin Zo minamte namdangte in a tuamtuam a hong ciaptehna uh hang a hizongin,ih lalna lampi zawi kibatloh na hang in a hi zongin,tu-in lom tuamtuamah kikhenin nam tampi ih kisuah hi.Hi bangin a lom tuamtuam a ih om na in nidang a minam khat hinapi damdam a kikhenkhen maw,ahih kei leh nidang a minam tuamtek ki hi napi damdam a ki gawm gawm maw?cih ngaihsut huaipi khat suak hi.

4.ZOMI NAM NI HONG PIAN KHIATNA ZIA

Zomi Nam Ni pen  Tuunkha(February 20)ni-in ki ciamteh hi.Hih ni-in muhna toi tawh hong piangkhia hilo in,minam leh gam itna lian pi tawh hong kipankhia ahi hi.Hih Zomi Nam Ni hong piankhiatna thupen a zaipi khat ahi hi.

Hih ni-in Zomite' a dingin suahtakna,ki-it ki lemna,minam vai leh cikmah ciang mangthang ngei nawnlo ding,Zomite' tangthu mungpi kha ahi hi.

Zomite' a dingin Zomi Nam Ni hong piankhiatna thu tel tak a ih tel theihna dingin,hih bang a a hong piankhiatna tangthu tawmbeek ih theihloh ki phamawh hi.Mikang kumpi in nisuah na lam gam te ong keek a,India gam hong tungta hi.

India pan in Kawlgam khanglam teng,1824 kum in hongla hi.1852 kum tak ciangin,Kawlgam phellang hong laksak khinta uh hi.1885 kum ciangin,Kawlgam buppi hong nuaisiah uh hi.Tua hun laitak in,Zogam pen ei leh ki ukna,India leh Kawlgam kikal ah om hi.Zogam in kumpi neilo in,mi khempeuh kumpi leh nautang kici hi.Ki-ukna thukhunpi ki neilo hi.Hih bangtengin gam keek,huang-eu mikangte in hong muh uh cianginZogam hong sim uh a,kum tampi hong sim khit,1896 ciangin Zogam hong la zo uh a,1907 ciangin Zomite' deihna ahilo,mikang mumpi deihna tawh ki-ukna,hong bawlsak in Zomi tangpi tangta deihna donghlo a,Zomi leh Zogam uk ding Ukpi(Feudel Chief)hong guan ziau uh hi.Tua bang a hong bawlnate uh kithuak nuam tuanlo in,Kawlgam sung a om minam kimte tawh aki bangin Zomite in Mikangte ihdo na tangthu ciaptehna in Zomi Nam Ni hong piangkhia ahi hi.
Tangthu te leh et kik leng:-

1939 kum khit ciangin,suahtakna ngah nang a hanciam na,hong na sia semsem hi.Zomite' khua muhna zong hong zai semsem a,Zomi kipalkhopna pan mun lente in gamkeek Mikang kum tungah,anuai a bangin nam (9)na ngen uh hi.Tua te in:-

1.Zogam in Zanggam tawh kibang aa,ki ukna lam phattuamna ngahna ding

2.Zogam ki ukna pen Zomite deihna tawh ki zui a thukhunpi bawlna ding

3.Pilna la,Cidamna lam leh Sumzuak sum lei na lam khantohna ding

4.Zogam pilna sanglam a manlang a puhphatna ding

5.Suakta tak a Biakna zuih theih na ding

6.Zogam lampi kizopna a man lang a ong bawlsak na ding

7.Zogam leh Zanggam suakta tak a kikawm ki zop theihna ding

8.Zogam in minamdangte tawh liangko kikim a ki zop theih na ding

9.Kawlgam in suahtakna a ngah ciangin,Zogam in zongh a kibang a a ngah pah na ding

ci-in thu nam (9)na ngen uh hi.

Hih a tung a ngetna nam (9) te Mikang kumpi in apiak ding sangsik in,hih kipawlna abei nang hanciam lai hi.Makaite zong gam vai(polittic) asep nawnloh na ding uh thu pia zawsop hi.Ahihangin mipi-in Mikang kumpi vaihawmna a deihlohna uh na pitaak in  lakkhia uh ahihman in,Kanpalet pan Mikangte taikhia uh hi.

Kawlgam in suahtakna i ngah cil ahi 1949 kum a ki at,Gambup thukhunpi tawh zui-in,Palimen(Parliament)a a dawl tungnung leh a dawl nuai nung ci -in dei nih om hi.Zomite a dingin tua Palimen dawl nih aitang palai puak ding hong kulta hi.Paliman ah Zomi tangpi tangta' te lungkimna tawh palai puak ding ahihhangin Minam kim Paliman te ah,gamkee dangte bangin ukpi te leh Khawk ukte palai puak ding maw,cih thu kitelkhialhna hong omta hi.Tua thu siangsak dingin,Zomite kimtak a thu ki kup khopna akhat veina Zomi Nambup Khawmpi(Zomi National Conference)Falam khua-ah 1948 kum Tuunkha(February)kha 12 nipan 22 ni dong nasia takin kibawl hi.Tua khawmpi a ni nih ni-in,Tedim pan in Pu Thawng Khaw Khai in thusun na nei hi.Tua in suahtakna ngahma hun lai-in Zogamah gamkeekte hong nutsiat gam hoihlo ahi hi.Ukpite leh khawk ukte hong uk cipna hang a a paing mi,kuli vanpua te thaman pialo a sawlna,mi zawng nautaang te in khua-ul sisan luang a a thalawhsa,asepna tungah thu man lo pi a laksak na,akipan a thu neihna te uh uang zatluatna te hangin,nakpi takin gen theihanki thuak hi.

Tua ahihman in Ukpi ngeina tawh ki ukna,a zung na tawmin longkhia a ei leh ei suakta tak a ei suakta tak a mipi' deih ngeina tawh ki uk na'ng cih ahi hi.

Tua a thusun pen Falam,Lailun huamtang a pai a hi Pu Chun mang leh Kanpalet pan palai Pu Thang Muangte nih in thukimpih pah uh hi.Tua a thusun thukimpihna mipi vote te tawh a khensak uh ciangin,mipi 5000 sung pan vote sagih bekin nial aa,vote 4993 in thakhat thu in,lungkimpih ahihman in kikipsak pah hi.

Hih bang a atam zaw thukimna tawh ukpi ngeina abeisak na dingin,Zomi nam khempeuh mipi deihna tawh ki ukna ahi Democracy huihdam kidik kha a,khua muhna mittang hong keuhta hi.

Hih bang  kikhopna aki bawlkhit phet in thu vaihawm pawlin,Ukpite a ki beisak man in,liauna(compensation)Dangkan 500,000 pia pah hi.Tua dangka pen a zaalian pen panin,a zaa neu pen dong 70,000,20,000,500,1000 leh 100cih bangin seh hawmsak uh hi.Tua pan a kipan kum tampi akithuak ki uk cipna,ki gawtna leh Ukpite siah kaihna khutnuai pan kisuakta ta hi.

1.Hih bang a Falam khua a ki bawl khawmpi-in,gamkeekte hong nutsiat gam hoihlo a hi ukpi ngeina tawh ki ukna a beisak bek thamlo in,Zomite khangtangthu sungah ki thu tuak diamdiam a Zomi Nam Ni bawl theih denna,

2.Mipi atam zaw deihna tawh ki ukna ahi Democracy ngeina zatna suahtakna a ngah cil kawlgam sung a teeng minam tuamtuamte tawh liangko kikimna,

3.Kipumkhatna ngah in ih gam a kip den nang leh Zomite minam vai lampan deihtak a kipanpihna zong ahi hi.

Gamkeekte hong guat gamh hoihlo ukpi ngeina tawh ki ukna,a beina ni ciapteh na dingin,Tuunkha(February)20 ni pen,Zomi Nambup a dingin,ni thupi pen ni hi ci-in ki ciamteh hi.

Hih pen Kawlgam sung bek thamlo,leitungbup in hong theihpihna ding deihna tawh 1950 kum in Falam khua ah Zomi Nam Ni nasia takin ki bawl aa,tua laiah kumpipa Soa Shwe Thaik leh a pawlte zongh na kah uh hi.Hih bangteng ciangin,"ZOMI NAM NI"hong piangkhia ahi hi.Zomi a kci peuhmah in hih ni thupi ni kumsim in bawlden a,a kip tawntung na ding Zomite' khempeuh ii i mawhpuak ahi hi.

5.ZOMINAM NI A PHAWK HUAI NA

February 20,2004 nipen Zomi Nam Ni kum 56 cin na hita hi.Ei Zogam khamtungah a tung nunung pawl kum zlom 14 hun pek a kipanin eima hausa leh Ukpite tawh limtak ki ukna,aki cian in ih nei hi.Mikang gamkeekte in,Kawlgam hong uk khit ciangin,ei Zogam pen Kawlgam i gam khat(province)in 1896 September kha in hong ciaptehsak in 1896 Chin Hills Regulation Act tawh in zati ukpi ki ukna mah,hong zang paisuak sak uh hi.

Kawlgambuppi in 1948 kumin suahtakna ki ngah kik in,Parliamentary Democracy tawh ki ukna hong ki laih ciangin,ei Zogam zongh ukpi ngeina ki zang nawnlo in,Council kiteelna tawh kilaih hi.Tua bang a hoihtak a,a kilaihna dingin,ei Zomibup in Falam khua ah,mihing tulnga val kikhawm inthu khen sat ni ahi,February 20,1948  pen Zomi Nam Ni ci-in,1951kum ciang in kikipsak hi.

Zomi nam ni hong tunsial in ngaihsut huai leh phawkhuai athupi te lak ah,thu nih om kasa hi.Tuate in ei Zomite ki thutuah na ding leh khantoh masuan zawhna ding cihte ahi hi.Nidang lai in kihawh kikawmna,ahaksat man in khua khat leh khua khat zong,mi dang pi ki sa kha liang hi.

Ih pau leh ih aw kaih zia tawmtawm a kilamdan man in,mikhual in ih ki ngaihsun kha liang hi.Tu in khat leh khat kipi,ki kawm kimu sem khawm a ih om ciangin,midang sa dang ih hih hetlohna ki phawk semsem in,ki theihsiam ki sang siam ta hi hang.50 vei na Zomi namni Golden Jubilee Yangon ah akibawl lai-in,Zomite khantohna ciaptehna Golden Jubilee Commemorative Magazine laibu limci mahmahkhat hong bawl khia uh hi.52 veina Zomi namni bawl Yangon Comittee te in Zomi pianzia sutna,ngeina,khantohna leh mailam ngimna ci-in,Myone sagih buppi seh in,thukan na kinei a,tu in a laibu in Zomi nam ni lap in,hong suak khiata hi.Tua banah a thupipen khat in,ei Zomite' chin ci-in kawlgam,vaigam ah hong ki lawhna hangin ei leh ei Zo,Lai,Cho,Sho.Yo,Yaw,Khu ci-in,Myone zui a i ki lawh ngeingei pen phungpi khat,ih pianna ih pu ki bang gegu,lawhna leh ciaptehna ki bang khalo hi kha ding hi cih ciang ki tungta hi.

Tuhun inpilna,siamna khangto mahmah in kawlgam zong hong khangto  ta hi.Kawlgam sung a om minam lakah ei Zomite' zong a tuntual ih hih khak lohna ding leh mailamah ki thutuak a,masuat zawh na ding nakpitak in tel a,ih "ZOMI NAM NI"ih thupitsak ding phawk huai kasa mahmah hi.

Professor C.Thang Za Tuan

Deputy-Director General

Basic Education Dept.,

Ministry of Education,Myanmar


Laaksawnna:

1.Zomi Beacon,Premier Issue 1995/1.pp.114-118.Publishehby Pubblicty Deparment/ZRO,lamka,Zogam,1995 A.D

2.Ciimnuai Magazine,1994,Zomi Siamsin Kipawlna,University of Yangon.

Mipi in Makai dingte tungah a lunggulh uh

Mipi in Makai dingte tungah a lunggulh uh

Party   8:14:00 PM

Ong tungding 2015 Kawlgam kiteelpi pen ni 100 zong in a sam nawnlo ong hi ziau hi. Online panin i duh i deih i gen a, i ki nial a, i phun sesu hi. Mimal kihuatna lamin la lo a, mipi lungsim tak tawh i kitelsiam ding thupi ding hi. Makai dingte in zong lungduaina tawh ong thuaksiam ding uh i lunggulh hi. 

Makai ding cih ka gen ciangin ong tung ding 2015 kiteel pana Zogam(Chin State) sung ah panmun la a, kumpi tawh i Zogam khantoh nang ong gel ding ahi makai te gennuam ka hi hi. Zogam ah USDP leh NLD kihel lo in Ethnic party bek nangawn 12 bang ong om hi. Tua teng a vek in ong kidem dinguh hi a, a zo lo zong om ding a, a thahat penpen te in State Gov't form ding ong suak hi.

12 Ethnic Parties in Chin State

Tua hih manin a diak in Saklam Zogam ahi Tedim leh Tonzang pan teelcing MP te in hih anuai a te ong ngaihsun masa le uh i lunggulh mahmah hi:
1) Na khempeuh ah zat a kul pelmawh ahi Meitha(Electric power) pen Tedim khuapi ah kicing taka zat theih a hi ding i lunggulh mahmah uh hi.
2) Kawlpi leh Tedim/Tonzang/Cikha te kikawmna lam lianpi pen kikeek beh in Coaltar(ကတၱရာေစး) kizut zo leh i lunggulh mahmah uh hi.
3) Pilna sinna ah hi sanga masawn zaw leh a tangzai zaw a kalsuan zawh nang; sanginnte tuahpha, a kisam sangsia te behlap leh a kisam vanzat(laboratory) te akipan... 

Tampi a omte lakah ka muh khak leh mipi gendeuh te ahi uh a, hiteng lo adang tampi te ong pai ding term(kum5) sungin ong sepsak zo ding in Zomi MP te i to hi. Mipi leh gam a ding in ahih theih zah un pan ong lak ding uh zong i lunggulh lai hi.

India Mal-Suah : Sixth Schedule Areas Vaihawmna Dinmun

India Mal-Suah : Sixth Schedule Areas Vaihawmna Dinmun

Zonews   9:37:00 PM

Thumapi:             India Mal-Suah bialsung ah, hun sawtpi akipan tunitan a buaina aomtouh ngitngetna ziak thilnih i taklangh diing: (a) Nam dang, gam dang leh mun dang akipan hong peemlut a, amaute’n angeinadan tuam uh hong pawlut in; nam tuantual (tribals) leh nam neute (ethnic groups) pupa tawndan ngeina aneihsate uh tummang leh mangthang mai thei diing a lauthawnghuai dinmun ah om tawntung bangdan a kikoihna, leh (b) Neekzonna niam leh tuantual lua dinmun a omden uh ahihna ah lungphawng in omden uhi. Mahni gam leitang sung a teeng hinapi a lungmuang thei taktak lou leh midangte in chikchiang hiam a tummang thei dinmun a om gige bangdan a kikoihna leh neekzonna toh kisai tuantual petmah uh ahih ziak in lungmuang taktak thei lou; thawmhau geuguau in om tawntung uhi.

            British gamkeekte nuai ah kivaihawmna, khantouhna leh lam chiteng ah hiai gam-leitang huapsung nawlkhin leh nelhsiah a tuam koih in om gige a, phaijang a kivaihawmna toh kibang lou in tuam bawl in ana omtou ngitnget uhi. Tua ahihman in, amaute pen “Excluded” or “Partially Excluded” chihdan a gamsung kivaihawmna khawlpi akipan pawsiah leh nawlkhin in omden uh a, amaute a diing a khantouhna himhim om thei mawngmawng lou in tunitan khawsa tawntung uhi. India in Zalenna buching angah akipan hiai, ‘Excluded Areas’ah vaihawmna kichian leh omzenei khat, “Sixth Schedule Provisions” sung ah Tribal Areas mun tuamtuam ah, Phualpi Sorkar in District leh Regional Councils koihsak in, kong tuamtuam ah tualsung kivaihawmna mumalzaw deuh in omta hi. Himahleh, neekzonna niam, tuantual leh zawnna (backwardness) akipan suakta thei taktak lou in tunitan India Mal-Suah singtang mite omden veve lai uhi.
India Daan Bupi ah Schedule Sawm-le-Nih Om: India Daan Bupi sung ah Schedule 12 om hi. Tua Schedule 12 lak ah, 5th Schedule pen Art. 244(1) ah kibulphuh hi a; 6th Schedule pen Art. 244(2) leh Art. 275(1) ah kibulphuh ahi. Tribals mite tanpual leh hamphatna piak a omte hiai Schedule nih, 5th & 6th chihte ah kiteltak in Autonomous District Councils thuneihna tuamtuam, Legislative, Judicial, Executive and Financial Powers chihte piak in om vek hi. Regional Councils zong om lai hi. Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) bawlkhiak thak a om pen ahihleh ama a omsate toh kituam deuh hiau hi. Amasate pen ah palai 30 leh palai guanthoh bangzah hiam ahihlai in Bodoland Territorial Council in bel palai 46 tan aneithei hi, tuate lak ah palai guanthoh mi 6 om thei hi.
Sixth Schedule hong piankhiaktung akipan Colonial “Excluded Areas” sung a customary tribal traditions & cultures kepbitna leh humbit diing deihna ziak lel ana himahleh dinmun saangzaw deuh lametna nei in, tualsung mahni kivaihawmna (local self-governance) mumaltak aom diing ahi chih ngaihdan in India Mal-Suah pumpi zelsuak pah hi. Kum 1952 a Sixth Schedule bawlkhiak a om pen North Eastern Reorganization Act, 1971 in tawmkaanpah ziau ahihman in; Manipur, Meghalaya leh Mizoram chihte State piching dinmun ah dopkang in hong om zui ngal uhi.
Sixth Schedule Areas Kivaihawmdan Pianzia: Autonomous District Councils tungtawn a Sixth Schedule Areas ah legislative and executive powers zapihuap a thuneihna nei in akivaihawm chiat uhi. ADCs-te in “Mini Parliament”bang phial in naa asem uhi. Customary Laws dungzui a thuneihna bukim zalenna, khua teng ah (village level bodies) kivaihawm diing in phalna apethei bok uhi. District leh aniamzaw courts-te a thutanna bawl a omte khempeuh High Court kia ah chouna bawltheih hileldan ahi. Tulel in India Mal-Suah State li (4) kia ah: (1) Assam, (2) Meghalaya, (3) Tripura leh (4) Mizoram ah Sixth Schedule Provisions zat in om hi: State dang thum: (1) Arunachal Pradesh, (2) Nagaland leh (3) Manipur ah ahihleh tunitan Sixth Schedule Provisions zat in aom kei hi.
Autonomous Councils tuamtuam ah thuneihna piak a omte kibang vek lou leh kikim vek sipsip lou hi. North Cachar Hills Autonomous District Council thuneihna saang in Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) thuneihna pen saangzaw tham hi. Kum sawm vaal  a kikhia, NC Hills ADC pen ana om masazaw thamtham himahleh,  BTC thuneihnate pen saangzaw leh hoihzaw ahihman in mundang a ADCs-te in zong thuneihna tamzaw leh mahni deihtelna thupizaw (greater autonomy) aneihtheihna diing un Phualpi Sorkar ah ngetna pelut in Sixth Schedule Provisions Amendment bawl diing deih in naktak in panla lellel uhi. Phualpi Sorkar (Centre) ah Amendment bawl in om petmah henla, Manipur Hill/Tribal Areas, ADCC huapna chiangchiang ah; “Sixth Schedule Provisions Extended,” ahita chih bang hong tel maizenle bel kinuam khinkhian chiat diing in um bilbel ingh...!!
Mangkang gamkeekte in “Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas” gambung huapsungte ah vaihawmtu diing Officers sepkhia in ana vaihawmkhum zeldan uh ahi. Tua ahihman in singtang mipite in vaihawmna toh kisai haksatna leh buaina tampi aphutkhakte uh genkhawmna diing (platform) mumaltak huai hunlai in nei lou himhim uhi. Gamkeek Officers-te leh Hausate in mipite tung leh Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas huapsung teng ah  mimal thuneihna sangpen (Dictators)  nei bang hial khop in ana vaihawmkhum zeldan ahi uhi. Ataktak a gen in Government of India Act 1935 nuai a vaihawmna sung ah singtang mite teenna gam huapsung ah tualsuak mipite deihtelna dungzui a vaihawmna om lou himhim asuak hi. Mangkang gamkeekte vaihawmdan paizia pen angaihsut uh chiang in, a sumsinna ua punna angahtheihna diing lel ua Gamkeek-Officers-ten mipite vaihawmkhum uh ahi chih tribal mite’n ngaihdan kiptak nei bilbel uhi.
Himahleh, India in Zalenna angahnung bel nelhsiah leh tuantualtak a om Gam-Leitang huapsung khantouhna diing leh Tribals’ mite pupa ngeina-tawndan-zahtaksak a puahphat diing, India gamsung midangte toh tanbang kim a, lam tuamtuam a khantouhna aom diing ahi chi a geelsak in om uhi. Tribal mite deihna bang leh amaute pupa tawndan-ngeina aneih khempeuhte uh kepbit ahih a, namdangte toh khantouhdan kibang a, amaute masawnna diing akituahpih vaihawmna kichian zonkhiaksak in om uhi.
Bordoloi Sub-Committee:             “Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights of Minorities in the Tribal Areas” kichi May, 1946 in Constituent Assembly of India in phutkhia hi. Advisory Committee in Sub-Committee asehkhiakte lak a khat, “Northeast Frontier (Assam) Tribal and Excluded Areas Sub-Committee under the Chairmanship of Assam Premier, Gopinath Bordoloi kichi phuhkhiat in om hi. Mun tuamtuam a minam tuamtuam toh Committee palaite kimu a, houlimna hoihtak aneihkhit uh chiang in hiai anuai a bang in ngaihsutna kichian geelkhawm diing a aluikhiakte uh ahi bangbang in i taklangh diing:

1. 1.      The people of the region were sensitive towards their land, forest, lifestyle and traditional systems of justice and, thus, needed safeguards and protections so as to preserve their way of life, and (Free Translation: Gam-Leitang, gammaang, hinkhua-khawsakdan leh ngeinadan ngeinabang dungzui a ana zuih zelte uh toh kisai agam mipite in ngaikhawk lua uh ahihman in amaute hinkhua toh kituak a kepbitna leh humbitna bawlsak kisam hi);  
2. 2.      There were traditional self-governing institutions which functioned democratically and settled issues according to their traditional lifestyle (Free Translation: Pupa tawndan ngeina dungzui a mipi vaihawmna kichian nuai ah buaina chituam tuam aneihte khempeuh uh amaute tawndan ngeina toh kituak in thukhenna bawl zel uhi).         

Sixth Schedule Pianzia:             Bordoloi Sub-Committee in amuhdan leh ngaihdan akipan thilgeel khat neih hoih asak dungzui in Sixth Schedule thutuun leh paizia diing gelhkhiak in om zui ngal hi. Amasapen in Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) bawlkhiak in om hi. Assam Autonomous District (Constitution of District Councils) Rules 1951 leh Lushai Hills District a zat diing in Pawi-Lakher (Constitution of Regional Councils) Rules 1952  bawlkhiak in om bok hi. Huchi in hiai Councils-te in gam leitang, gammaang, sumsinna, primary schools, nasepdan diing geelna (planning activities) chihte tengteng vaisaina nei a akivaihawm uh chiang in, amau tawndan dungzui a vaihawmna omsate, etsakna di’n tribal chiefs, tribal councils, etc., chihte nakpitak in khoihkha hi.
            India Mal-Suah ah tulel in District Councils avek a gawm in sawm-le-nga om a, tuate lak ah Manipur Hill/Tribal Areas pen ah ADCs koih a om hinapi in, Sixth Schedule Provisions zat in om lou chitchiat hi – Assam ah nih, Meghalaya ah thum, Mizoram ah thum, Tripura ah khat, Manipur ah guk om lellel hi. Achil a Nagaland a diing a Sixth Schedule bawlkhiak hinapi in Autonomous District Council om lou ahi chih chiamtehtuak khat ahi. Autonomous District Councils li (4) Sixth Schedule nuai ah zat diing ahi chih kum 2003 in Arunachal Pradesh Assembly in thupukna bawl mahleh tunitan Parliament namkipna ngaakden lai uhi.
Manipur Hill/Tribal Areas ah Autonomous District Councils Act, 1971 Parliament in abawl pen zat in om mahleh tunitan, Sixth Schedule Provisions bel zat in om het lou zel hi.
Autonomous District Councils (ADCs):             Sixth Schedule pen India Daan Bupi sung a Daan Bupi-neu (mini-Constitution within the main Constitution) ahi chihdan a koih in om hi. Autonomous District Councils ahihna bangtak a koih leh bawlkhiak a om diing ahihdan mukhol kilkel a theikhol uh ahihman in Daan bawldan bang, Vaihawmdan bang, Thukhendan toh kisai a thuneihna kipiate (Legislative, Administrative and Judicial Powers) ngentel leh pilvangtak a hih leh bawl in om hi. District Council lemsakpihna tel lou in Phualpi Sorkar ahihke’h State Sorkar in Daan (Law) khat lel zong azatkhum thei kei hi. Village Councils leh Village Courts chihte phutkhia/bawlkhia diing a thuneihna saangtak piak in om bok hi.
            Councils huapsung vaihawmdan suangtuah a gelfel zel diing in Governor khut ah Sixth Schedule in thuneihna pia hi. Autonomous districts thakte, district om lel khek lamdang in, District min leh a gamgi kichiantak a khen vilvel in Governor in abawllem thei hi.
District Council Pianzia leh Kilepkhawmdan:             Sixth Schedule nuai a om, District ahihke’h Regional Council khempeuhte amin phuak in District ahihke’h Regional Council chihte pen amin toh kituak a district/regional piching a koih in om zel hi.Mi tam lou behlap/guanbeh (nominate) diing toh kisai in State Governor khut ah thuneihna piak in om a, Chief Executive Member (CEM) hoihsakna dungzui a guan diing ahi.
            District Councils in Chief Executive Member (CEM), Chairman leh Deputy Chairman (Speaker & Deputy Speaker toh kibang) chihte Council Members sung akipan telkhiak diing ahi. Sep-le-bawl ah Chairman leh Deputy Chairman in Speaker leh Deputy Speaker tegel nasepdan toh kibang in vaihawmna (legislature) mun leh hun ah asem un abawl diing uhi.
Executive Committee:                     District Council nasep-silbawl bangkim a makai leh lamhilhtu diing Executive Committee (EC) kichi bawl diing in Sixth Schedule ah thahatna piak in om hi. Executive Committee ah Chief Executive Member (CEM) leh member dang bangzah hiam kipawlkhawm a bawl a om pen Councils tuamtuam ah akibang vek khol kei diing hi. District Council teelching a om teng in CEM atelkhiak diing uh ahi. Huchi in EC members diing mi bangzah hiam guang in Chief Executive Member genmawina dungzui in State Governor in asep (appointed) diing hi. Council nasep-silbawl toh kisai khempeuh Executive Committee sepsuah ahihman in State ahihke’h Phualpi Sorkar Cabinet nasepdan toh kizul in kibang mahmah hi. District Council pen district level a diing in “Innpi-neu” (miniature parliament) toh kibang ahi hi. CEM a kitawpleh, EC zong kintak a bei/tawp hi ngal mai hi. EC hihbei ahih akipan daakkal 48 sung ngei a CEM kintak a teelkhiak pah diing ahi; huchi ahih louh tawp in Governor in Council member khat peuhpeuh akipan CEM asehkhiak pah diing kisam hi.
              District Council huapsung a nasep-silbawl kong bangkim ah, khantouhna thilgeel hi in sepkhiakna lam ah hitaleh, mohpuakna tengteng Executive Committee ah kinga vek hi. Daan-le-dun bawlna leh sepna toh kisai nagotna chihte tengteng Executive Committee mohpuakna hi kawmkawm in District Council lemsakpihna dungzui a kibawl vek ahi hi. Budget bawl in District Councils ah EC in aluikhe diing a, paisuaksak (passed) diing zong EC khut ah kinga hi.
Legislative Function:             Zapi huap a daan bawl diing in kong tuamtuam ah District Councils in thuneihna anei hi: Land, Agriculture, Primary Education, Health, Establishment of Village Councils and Town Committees, Appointment and Succession of Chiefs or Headmen, Inheritance of Property, Marriage, Divorce, Money-lending, Trading by non-tribals, etc., within their territories.
            Sixth Schedule Provisions toh kikalh a District Councils in Daan thak abawlte a paisuaksak khakleh, huchibang Daante pen khek lamdang diing in Governor in thuneihna anei hi. State leh Central Laws, District Councils gam-leitang huapsung ah zat ahihma in ADCs in hoih asak bangbang in pompih hiam ahihke’h adeihna bang dungzui a kheek lamdang diing in thuneihna leh thahatna anei hi. Phualpi leh State Sorkar akipan Daan bawl a omte khempeuh thakhat thu in Autonomous Districts-te in zui pah lou in, kheek lamdang diing om hia ahihke’h om lou chih pilvangtak a avelchet masak diing uh amaute mohpuakna ah kinga hi.
Executive and Judicial Functions:             Daan dungzui a sep-le-bawl diing khempeuh semsuah diing in District Council in thuneihna aneihte primary schools, dispensaries, markets, cattle pounds, ferries, fisheries, road, and waterways, etc., chihte khawng ahi. ADCs thuneihna huangsung a primary schools-te ah sinsakna pauzat diing baan ah, siamsinna a gamtat zia leh omdan diing geelsak in om bok hi.
            Thubuai neite tribal mituak ahih ualeh pupa tawndan ngeina (customary laws) dungzui a thutanna bawlsak in om zel uhi. Thukhenna Zumpi, Village leh District Council Courts bawlkhe diing in District Council ah thuneihna piak in om hi. Himahleh kum nga vaal Taan Inn a khumtheih leh sihna tanpha thutanna piaktheih thubuai neite bel hiai Thukhenna Zumpi ah athu ngaihtuahkhawm diing a laaklut in om ngei lou hi. Thukhenna Zumpi neuzawte (subordinate courts) tengteng a thutanna kibawl tungtang a lungkim louhna nei, mi khat peuhpeuh in District Council Court leh Regional Council Court ah Ngetna apelut thei hi. Council Courts in thubuai-labuai toh kisai Thutanna abawlte khempeuh India High Court leh Supreme Court thuneihna huangsung kia ah thupukna bawlthaktheih hi lel hi.
Ngenteltak a ADCs Nasep-Vaihawmdan Paizia Etkiikna:             Kum 1952 akipan tunitan Councils nasepdan leh paidan sui in buukkak le’ng thil kikhek lamdang tampi petmah om ngei diing hi. Sixth Schedule nuai a tuni a kivaihawmna leh kum 50 paita hun a thil omdan kintak a etkik poimoh hi.
Mihing Pundan: Kum sawm 10 hal zel a kisimpina dungzui in munchih-mualchih ah mihing tawm-le-tam kilepkhawmdan (population composition) nasatak in kikheng lamdang hi. Kum sawmguk (60) paita a mihing tawm-le-tam kilepkhawmdan pen tuhun toh tehkaak le’ng kikheng lamdang lua hinapi in ADCs palai lepkhawmdan ah mihing tawm-le-tamdan toh kituak a kheek lamdang in aom tuan kei hi. Pilsiamtak a etkiik ahih keileh 6th Schedule pentak kha akizatna gam huapsung mahmah, abiktak in Assam ah tunung chiang in buaina thupitak piangsaktu in pangkhathei hi.
Khantouhna Nasep a ADCs Pankhakna:                  Mi kimkhatte’n atangpi a gen in, Autonomous District Councils pen Daan (Laws) bawl, lemna leh muanna om theihna diing a venbitna nasep, chihte baan ah tualsung zum innte ah adik-a-tang a thutanna bawl in om hiam chih khawng lou ngal adang sep diing nei het lou ahi uh chi in ngaihdan nei uhi. Khantouhna lam toh kisai Councils in pankhakna neidan in mite in akoih kei uhi. Bangteng hileh, tulai hun a alou-thei-lou thil poimoh masawnna lam leh Sixth Schedule pianzia diktak bel tualsung khantouhna nasep ah Councils-te in sunggiltak in pankhakna nei mahmah ahizaw uhi. Fifth Schedule Areas huapsung ah Panchayat guanlut ahih toh kiton in mipi deihna bang dungzui a kitelna nei in leh numeite a diing in zong mun sehkholhsak in om hi. Huchibang mah in Sixth Schedule Areas huapsung ah Fifth Schedule Areas a Panchayat hihdan ettontuak ahi mai diam chih zong ngaihtuahna ah thil piangthei khat ahi. Shri. J. B. Patnaik Assam ah Governor ahihlai in hiai anuai a bang in gen hi:
“In the Sixth Schedule areas, there’s no decentralization of powers and administration. There’s no Pachayat and Parishad. All you have is only a district council, which elects few people and they enjoy unbridled power. But democracy demands that power should not be concentrated in a few hands.” – J. B. Patnaik, Governor of Assam since December 2009. (Free Translation: Shri. J. B. Patnaik, December 2009 akipan Assam Governor in pang a hiai bang in gen hi; “Sixth Schedule areas ah thuneihnate leh vaihawmna hawmlual a piaksawnna bangmah aom kei hi.  Huchi in Panchayat leh Parishad chihte zong om lou hi. District Council chih louh ngal adang bangmah neih nei lou in mi tawmchik lel teelkhia in thuneihna kamkaihlouh zang in nuamtal a om lel ahi hi. Himahleh, mipi vaihawmna in angiat bel mi tawmchik lel khut ah thuneihna piak a aom louh diing ahi).”         
District Councils Zalenna/Mahni Kivaihawmna:             ADCs in lemsakpihna apiak ahihkei ngalleh State ahihke’h Phualpi Sorkar daante (laws) zat a om ngei lou ahihman in ahuangsung ah bel thunei mahmah lel hi. Ahihnatak a gen in District Councils tung a thuneitu bel Governor ahi lel hi; Sixth Schedule provisions toh kituak lou a Councils in vaihawmna aneih zenzenleh a vaihawmkhum theitu omsun bel Governor kia hi lel hi. District Councils vaihawmna khawlsak theitu, Governor in khaguk sung a thuneihnate leh nasepte laksuh thei hi. Inquiry Commission in hihbei diing chi’a agenmawi(recommend) peuhmahleh Governor in District Councils kivaihawmna ahihtawp thei hi. Ahihhang in amun taktak ah ahihleh State Cabinet thupiak dungzui a sepkhiak lel diing ahi leuleu zel hi. Governor thuneihna pen state Ministers khenkhat in thuneitak in achalaithei uh chihna suak hi. Tuateng baan ah, District Councils pen sum-le-pai toh kisai a state sorkar ah kinga lian mahmah ahihman in, state level politician-te’n baihlamtak in nawkthei veve uhi.
            Khantouhna leh masawnna lam ah Sixth Schedule Provisions akizatna mun tamtak ah lohsam sim bang mahleh kum asawm a sim phatuamtak leh hoihtak in naa seem hi. A nasepdan ngenteltak a etkikna nei in, a kivaihawmdan velphathak le’ng bawlhoihna diing tampi om diing in uphuai hi.
            Sixth Schedule bawlkhiak ahih akipan singtang mite gam-leitang (land) leh pupa ngeina tawndan (customary laws & traditions) humbit leh kepbit in om hi. Tribal Areas mumaltak a gambung sehkhen gamgite (district boundaries) Manipur State ah kichiantak a bawlfel a om hia, ahihke’h bawlfel louh chih pen tuni a Phualpi Sorkar bildohna mahmah ahi. Art. 371C nuai ah India President, Shri. V. V. Giri in Hill Areas Committee Orders, 1972 Manipur Hill Areas huapsung gamgi  puankhiakna ana neikhin thamdan ahi. Huchi in, Manipur (Hill Areas) District Councils Act, 1971 & Rules, 1972 Parliament in tribals mite a diing in Daan omzenei leh zuihtheih diing in bawlkhia hi. Kum 1973 akipan 1989 tan dong Manipur Hill/Tribal Areas gamgi huapsung teng ah ADC Constituencies Election omtou ngitnget hi. Kum 20 vengveng ADCCs Kitelna (Election) om lou a koihdap in om zenhouh hi. Kum 2010 kum bullam in mipite deihna bang in ADC Constituencies huapsung ah kitelna thakphuan in omnawn leuleu hi. ADC kitelna om lou a kum 20 vaal ihmu, huai sung a Manipur Sorkar in“Amendments” (Bawlphatna) (2000 AD & 2008 AD) nihvei ana bawlman zawmah lai hi. Amendment (Bawlphatna) chihdan ahihhang a singtang mite (tribals) a diing a bawlphatna khat lel zong om lou, ama a saang a huaise zawmah lai chihdan hi teldan ahi. Huaiziak a Manipur Hill/Tribal Areas huapsung ah Sixth Schedule Provisions poimoh lua hi.
            Tribal Leaders (Singtang mi, Heutu/Makaitu) masate in kum 1970s hunlai in Manipur (Hill Areas) District Councils Act bawlkhiak diing nasatak a ana buaipih uh ahihdan, Shri. (L) Haokholal Thangjom in kum 15 vaal paita a ka houlimna uah gen hi. A thugen khenkhat ka chiamteh theih laite i taklangh zual diing:
“… Manipur in Statehood ngah dekta ahihchiang in Tribals mite toh kituak, atuam a mahni kivaihawmna diing Phualpi Sorkar in hon bawlsak diing in kiman mahmah uh ahihchiang in baihlamtak a Sixth Schedule ngahtheih ahihlai in, Phualpi Sorkar ah kintak a i nget uh thilhoih ahi. Manipur Hill/Tribal Areas ah tu hun a Sixth Schedule Provisions zat a aom keileh tunung chiang in kisik ngeingei diing i hi uh…. Polictics ah khatvei hihkhelh in khang thum daihlaw mahmah ahihman in pilvang chiat ni.... Minphatna (Credit) deihluat ziak in mi khat-le-nih kintak a Delhi ah vahoh in tulel a zat a om, i.e., Manipur (Hill Areas) District Councils Act, 1971 kichi pen singtang mite a di’a zat diing chi in Phualpi Sorkar toh kithukimna vabawl in hong paikiik maimah uhi….”    
1990s hunlai in All Tribal Students’ Union, Manipur (ATSUM) in “Fullest Autonomy”deihhuaizaw ahi chi in Sixth Schedule Provisions neu koihna ziak in thusam (slogan) khat: “No Sixth Schedule, No Election” chih thupi a nei in mipite amhaisak (confused) mahmah hi. Fullest Autonomy pen India Daan Bupi ah Provisions tuam om geih lou ahihman in anung sawt lou in gen ging in omnawn vet lou hi. Hill Areas Committee (HAC) in hiai toh kizul mah in “No Sixth Schedule, No Election” chi inthupukna bawl behlap hi.
Thukhupna:  Kum 20 val zeen beinung nangawn in zong Sixth Schedule Provisions Manipur Tribal/Hill Areas ah zat a aom tuanlouh chiang in mipite patau gawpzaak hingei diing hiven… Kum 2010 in ADCCs Election, Manipur State Sorkar in, singtang mite hon neisaknawn nainai hi. Hiai hunsung (term) ngei leng beinawnta; Kum 2015 in ADCCs Election pen “Sixth Schedule Provisions” zat a om tuan sam lou in kiteelna kineikhin zou zel hi. “No Sixth Schedule, No Election” thusam pen in omzia nei mahmah lou asuak maimah hi. Kum 25 bang pailiamta, tunitan Sixth Schedule Provisions Manipur Tribal/Hill Areas ah “Extended” in aom nai kei lailai hi. Kum 20 sung vengveng ADCCs koihdap ahihnung nasan a Manipur koimun mah ah 6th Schedule Provisions zat ahihlouh nilouh mawk pen bangziak pentak hi diing hiam chih lungsim hon kamkhat ahi.     
Tuni a koilam manohta diing chih pen ngaisuthuai mahmah leh bildoh hunlaitak ahi hi. Hill Areas Committee Members leh Manipur District Councils Members-te tengteng in mipite koilam hon manohpih sawm peuhmah uh hi hiam? Amaute pen mipite sik-le-tang a Innpi a Daan Bawl Pawl a kihelthei leh mipite ai-oh Palai diing a muang mahmah leh hawmthohtak a teelching a om ahi peuhmah chiat uhi. “Koilam nga a mainawt diing ka hi ua,” chi in mipi kahtam ‘Aw’ ging-husa athawn a paimangsak mai lou diing in Palaite kiang ah kingainiam mahmah in “Ngetna” khatna i thehlut ahi. Hiai ngetna ngeingaih lou a, thei nazenpi a kitheihmoh bawl teitei Palai aomleh… Mipite vangtahna thupitak ahih diing baan ah, mailam hun ah, lungzinna meipi vom ngeingoi in hon na vaidawn pelmoh diing ahi chih chiamteh mahmah diing in “Ngetna” nihna i thehlut ngal hi henla…!!
Thukin leh ngaihtuah thamching, “No Sixth Schedule, No Election” chih pen hong tung diing ADCCs Election omnawn ma ngei a, diahdiah lou a; kin-le-buang a, tu, hun hoih leh lohchintheih, hun manpha ahi chih phawk chiat a, khanglou guih a…buchinsak theih ahi chih chiantak a thei kilkelkawm a, hangsantak a, hon bohzui diing in, “Ngetna” thumna i Palai hawmthohte tengteng, ADCs & HAC., MPs-te kiang ah i pelutnawn bok ahi…. Banghang hiam i chihleh, Phualpi Sorkar, Ministry of Home Affairs akipan Chief Secretary, Government of Manipur ah dotna nih lel dong uh ahihman in; Dawnna dik leh phatuam piaklut ahihtheihna di’n bel mipi kiphin noinoi a phatuam diing hi lou in, Mipi Palaite mohpuakna ah kinga ahita hi. Palai ahihna uh ziak a, agenna diing mun diktak a agen ua, abohzui diing uh amaute sep-le-bawl diing him ahih baan ah, amohpuakna uh semsuah hi lel diing ahi uhi.
Mipite sik-le-tang a agenna diing hun-le-mun chih ah tangkoutu diing Palaite, MPs, MLAs & ADCs ahi ua, amaute’n amohpuakna uh semsuah diing a thu poimoh tua hong kiluikhia ahihman in mipite’n zong theisiam in nungthuapdan siam peuh le’ng mailam ah lohchinna kingah diing ahi chih lamethuai peuhmah hi. Hiai bang hun hoih leh manpha mansuah lou teitei diing in mipi ai-oh di’a teelching a om, palaite tengteng in zong bildoh deuh a, MLAs kiteelna hun hong nainawn zelta ahih toh kiton in, mipite sou-phu ditdit ahihlam atheihsiam mahmah uh i gingta hi. Manipur Tribal MLAs-te tengteng, HAC in Meeting sam a Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India in dotna abawl pen dawnna piakdan diing toh kisai pilvangtak a thupukna bawl detdet in; Amaute in amohpuakna uh ahon sepkhiak ngei uh lamen petmah hi hangh…! A kitheihmoh bawl teitei ualeh bel mipite apoimoh hun uh hong tung pahta diing ahihman in, mipite’n pilvangtak in mainawt zel ni…!!   

By R Sanga