Chin World Media ႏွα့္ Global Chin News (GCN) αိုααွ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴ၏ α်α္းေαာα္ ၊ αာαြα္း (Tlaisun) α‘αΎαီးα‘αဲ Pu Con Bik (αြα္αα္) αံαြα္ ႏိုα္αံေαးαိုαံုαႈေαွ်ာα္αားαဲ့αα့္α‘ေαΎαာα္း။ αα္းαွာ α်α္းαူα်ိဳးααုα္ေαာ ျαα္ααိုα္းαα္းαားαူα်ိဳးα‘ား ααααံုး αိုαံုαြα့္ေαးျαα္းျαα
္ေαΎαာα္းα‘ား ေαာ္ျααΎααα္၊ αိုαျαα္ GCN αွေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴαα္းαားαα္ αုαး္ေαာα္αα္းαα္၏ ေαာα္αံုးαုαα္ျαα
္ေαာ αီေαါαα္း၏ αီαα
္α¦းျαα
္αα့္α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘ားαα္း ေαာ္ျααားျαီး။ αိုα‘α်α္α‘αα္α‘ေαααြα္ ေαာα္αံေαာ α
ာαα္αူα်ား. αုα္αျαα္αႈ (Comments) α်ားα‘ားαα္း ေαြαααα္၊ αိုα‘ျαα္ αြ်α္ေαာ္αိုαα‘ေျααံααာေα်ာα္းαံုး ααိုα္းαာαာαα္α
ာα‘ုα္α်ားαြα္αα္း αါေαာ္αူျαီး αိုαိုαီေαα္α¦း αα္α်ဲαေαာ္αွα္ေαးα်ားαြα္ α်α္းေαာα္αα္αွ αΎαြα္αိα္ႏွα့္ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴαα္းαားαု ေαာ္ျααဲ့αႈα်ားαိုαα္း αြ်α္ေαာ္αိုα αွα္αားαားαိαΎαေααα္ ။ αိုαα္းαူα
ြာ α်α္းααိုα္းေαးαာႏွα့္ α
α္α်α₯္းေαာ α‘ျαားα
ာα‘ုα္α
ာေαေαါα္းေျαာα္α်ားα
ြာαြα္ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴ ၏ α်α္းေαာα္αြα္ αိုαံုαြα့္ေαွ်ာα္αားαဲ့αႈα်ားα‘ား ေαာ္ျααဲ့αΎααα္၊ αိုαိုα‘ေαးαΎαီးαွေαာ ααိုα္းα‘α်α္α‘αα္α်ားαို αွာေαြαα္ Chin World Media αွα
ီα
α₯္αာ αွာေαြေαြααွိαဲ့αႈα်ားαို α
ာαα္αူα်ားα‘ား ေααွαိုαါαα္ ။ α€ေαာα္းαါးαြα္ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴႏွα့္ α‘αၤαိα္αိုα α‘ေαွαα်α္းေαာα္α‘ား αိုα္αိုα္αိα္းαိုα္αဲ့αံုα်ားαို ေαာ္ျααြားαါαα္။
αုေαααျαဳαုα္αံုႏွα့္ αွီျαα္းျαα္း
α€αုေαααα‘ားျαဳαုα္αα္α‘αြα္ The British Library/ School of Oriental ႏွα့္ African Studies (SOAS)α
ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ားαိုα αြားေαာα္αဲ့αါαα္။ ေα‘ာα္αါααိုα္းα
ာα‘ုα္α
ာαα္းα်ားαို αα္αူαဲ့αα္။( 1) The Chin Hills Volume 1 (A history of the people, our dealings with them, their customs,manners, and a Gazetteer of their country) by B. S Carey and H. N. Tuck ျαα
္αα္၊ αα္းα
ာα‘ုα္αို αααα αုႏွα
္αြα္ αံုႏွိα္αုα္ေααဲ့ျαα္းျαα
္ျαီး။ α
ာေαးαူα်ားျαα
္ေαာ Carey ႏွα့္ Tuck αိုααα္ α‘αၤαိα္αိုα၏ α်α္းေαာα္αိα္းαိုα္αြဲα်ားαြα္ α
ာေαးαူα်ားαိုα္αိုα္ ျαိαိαွ်α
α
္αα္ႏွα့္α‘αူ αါαα္αဲျαီး Assistance Commissioner ႏွα္α Political Officer α်ားα‘ျαα
္ α‘αႈαα္းαဲ့αΎααူα်ားျαα
္αΎααα္ ။α€ ေαာα္းαါးαါα‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αာ α‘α်ားα
ုαို α€α
ာα‘ုα္αွ α‘αူးαွီျαα္းαားαါαα္။ (2) A military report in Chin-Lushai Country by E. S Symes α
ာα‘ုα္α‘ား αα္αူααဲ့αါαα္။ αα္းα
ာα‘ုα္αα္ αααα αုႏွα
္αြα္ αုα္ေααဲ့ေαာα
ာα‘ုα္ျαα
္αα္။ α€α
ာα‘ုα္α်ားαို ααα»ာေα်ာ္ The British Library αΎαီးαြα္ α
ာေαးαူαα္αူαေααဲ့ျαီး α
ာα‘ုα္α်ားαွာ α‘α္ααα္ ေαာα္းႏြα္းα်α္αွိျαီျαα
္αα္။ α
ာာαα့္αိုα္αွ αာαα္αွိαူαα
္α¦းαα္ α
ာေαးαူ. α‘αားαြα္ αံုျαံဳေαးα‘αာαွိαα
္α¦းαဲ့αိုα α်α္ေျααျαα္ေα
ာα့္αΎαα့္αာ α‘ေαα‘α်ာ ႏုႏုαြαြ αိုα္αြα္αα္αိုαα္း αα္αါααဲαဲ ααိေαးေααဲ့ေααα္၊ αိုαျαα္ α
ာα‘ုα္αိုαα္း αိαၱဴ αူးαူျαα္းα်ားα‘ားαα္း αြα့္αျαဳαဲ့αΎαေα် ။ αိုαျαα္ α်α္းααိုα္းα‘ား αုေαααျαဳαာ α
ာαα္းαုα္ေααဲ့αΎαေαာDr. Vum Son/ Thang Za Dalူ ႏွα့္ Dr. Lian HmungSakhong αိုααα္αα္း Carey ႏွα့္ Tuck αို.၏ α
ာαα္းαို α‘αူးαွီျαα္းαဲ့αΎααα္αို ေαြαααα္။
The only Burmese captive release by the Tashon column and her gallant rescuer
α‘αၤαိα္ႏွα့္ α်α္းαူα်ိဳးα်ား αα္αြα္αိα α္αႈ α‘ေα ာαိုα္းαာα
ျαိαိαွ်α်ား α‘ေαွαα‘ိႏα΅ိαα‘ား αိα္းαိုα္ျαီးေαာα္ α‘ေαာα္α်α္းျαα္αု αα္αွα္ေαာ Lushai Country (αα္αွိα‘ိႏα΅ိαႏိုα္αံ) ႏွα့္ α
αα္αα္αြα္αိαα္။ αိုαေαာ္ Lushai Country αွ α‘αၤαိα္αိုα္αα္αိုα္αα္α‘αြα္းαိုααα္ေαာα္αာ αိုα္αိုα္αံααႈα်ားေαΎαာα့္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုααွ αိုα္αိုα္αα္ αံုးျαα္αဲ့ျαα္း ျαα
္αα္။ ျαိαိαွ်αို. ααα α
α
္αα္ေαး (Lushai Expedition) αα္ αααα-αααα αြα္ α
αα္αဲ့αα္ ။ αိုα
α
္αα္းေαးαα္ ေα‘ာα္ျαα္αဲ့Lushai αΎαီးα‘αဲα်ားα
ြာαွ αα္αα္α်αဲ့αΎααα္။
α‘ာαα္ႏွα့္ ααိαူααိုααα္ ျαိαိαွ်αို. αα္ေα‘ာα္αိုα αααα αြα္ α်ေαာα္αဲ့αα္။ α‘αα္ααာျαα္αα္αα္း αααα
αြα္ျαိαိαွ်αိုα αα္ေα‘ာα္αိုα α်ေαာα္αဲ့ျαီး ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ α‘ေαာα္ααာႏိုα္αံ၏ αα္α
α္αိုα αေαးႏွα့္ ေαာေαα (ααု αေαြးαိုα္းα‘ေαာα္αိုα္း) αိုαα‘ေျαα်ႏိုα္αြα့္ ααွိαဲ့αα္။
αα္းαာααြα္ α်α္းေαာα္ေျααြα္ αွိေαာ ααာေα်းαြာα်ားαα္ α်α္းαူα်ိဳးα်ား. αိုα္αိုα္αႈα်ားαို αံαျαီး။ αံုααα္းα်ားα‘ားαα္း α်α္းေαာα္αိုα αα္းαီးေααေαာα္αြားαႈα်ားαို αံαဲ့αျαα္းα်ားျαα့္ αΎαံဳေαြααα်α္αွိαα္။ α်α္းေαာα္αွ Sizang, Kamhau, Tlaisun, Zokhua ႏွα့္ Hakha αိုααα္ α‘α
α₯္α‘ျαဲ ေျαျαα္αေααα်ားαိုααြားေαာα္ αိုα္αိုα္ေα့αွိαα္ ။ αα္းα်α္းαူα်ိဳးα
ုα်ားα‘αΎαားαြα္ αာαြα္းαα္ α‘α္α‘ားα‘ားα‘αΎαီးαံုးျαα
္αα္။ Captain Raikes (British Deputy Commissionar of Upper Chindwin) αα္ αေαးျαိဳααွေα၍ Sukte, Kamhau, Sizang, Tlaisun ႏွα့္ Hakha αΎαီးα‘αဲα်ားαို αိα္α
ာα်ားαိုααာ α်α္းαူα်ိဳးα်ား၏ αိုα္αိုα္αိα္းαိုα္αႈα်ားႏွα့္ α
α္α် α₯္း၍ α‘αိαေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αΎαျαီး။ αိုαျαα္ αြံျαိဳးαိုးαα္ေαးαိα
α₯αα္α်ားαိုαါ αα့္αြα္းေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αα္။
The Government Steamers Landing Troops Kalewa, on the Frontrier, for the chinland expeditions
ေαြααံုα
αားေျαာαႈα်ားα‘ျαီးαြα္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ α
ီးαα္းေαααိုααြားαα့္ αα္းα‘ား α
ီးαα္းαိုα၏ αေαာαူαီαႈααါαဲ ေαာα္αုα္αဲ့ျαα္းေαΎαာα့္ α
ီးαα္းαိုα၏ αိုα္αိုα္αႈα်ားαို αံαဲ့ααα္။ αα်ိα္αα္းαြα္ αာαြα္းα‘αΎαီးα‘αဲ αူးαΎαြα္αိα္αα္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုႈ၏ αα္αြα္α်α္α်ားαို αံαααွိαံုαွ်αာαα ေαႊα်ိ ဳ း ျαဴ ၏ α‘αΎαံေαးαႈေαΎαာα့္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုαα‘ား αိုα္αိုα္αα္ αံုးျαα္αဲ့αα္။
ေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးαႈα်ား αျαဳαုα္αီαြα္ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴαα္ ααိုααာျαα္αြα္ ေαာ္αွα္ေαးαα
္αα္α‘ား α
αα္αဲ့αα္။ Carey& Tuck α
ာα‘ုα္၏ α
ာα်α္ႏွာ (αα) αြα္ “ αိုα‘α်ိα္αာααြα္ ေαာေαααြα္ေααိုα္αူαα
္α¦းαα္ αα္းေαြးαα္းαα္ααုα္ေαာ္αα္း αααိုα္αူ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴαα္းαားαု αα္αွα္αα။ αူαα္ α‘α
αြα္ ααα္ျαိဳα၌αိုα္းαα္းαာαြα္ေαးαိုးαူ (Vaccinator) α‘ျαα
္ αုα္αိုα္αα္း α‘ေျαα
ိုα္αဲ့αα္။αူαα္ ေαာ္αွα္ေαးαα
္αα္αို αααα αုႏွα
္ေα‘ာα္αိုαာααြα္ α
αα္αα္ႏြဲျαီး α်α္းαြα္းေααα်ား၊ ျαα္းျαံႏွα့္ αုαံααိုα္αိုα္αြဲα်ားαြα္ ေα‘ာα္ျαα္αႈα်ား ααွိαဲ့αα္။ Captain Beville ႏွα့္ Major Kenndyαိုα၏ ျαα္းαα္ေαာ αိုα္αိုα္αႈα်ားαြα္ αိုျαိαိαွ်α
α
္αိုα္ (α) α¦းαα္း α်αံုးαာ αα္းαားα၏ α‘ေαါα္းα‘αါα်ားαα္း ေαေαΎαα်α္α
ီးαΎαျαီး ေαာေαααိုααြα္ေျαးαဲ့αΎααα္။ ျαိαိαွ်α
α
္αα္α်ား ေαာαα္α‘ား αααα-αα αာα ေαာα္းαြα္းαာααြα္ αα္αα္αိုα္αိုα္αα့္α‘αါ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴαα္ α်α္းေαာα္αိုα αα္ေαာα္αိုαံုံαဲ့αα္ ” αု ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
Shelling a hostile village
ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴ α‘ား αာαြα္းαိုααွ αိုαံုံαြα့္ေαးαဲ့ျαီး αူαα္ αာαြα္းαα္αြα္ α‘ေျαα်ေααိုα္αဲ့αα္။α‘αိုαါααα္းαΎαားαွ်α္αΎαားα်α္း- αႏၱေαးαိုαျαိαိαွ်αိုα၏ α‘αα္းα‘α်α္ေα
αြα္ျαα္းαံαေαာ αေαးေα
ာ္αြားေαာα္းႏွα့္ α‘ေαါα္းα‘αါα်ားαα္ αႏၱေαးαွ αြα္ေျαးαာαΎααာ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴαိုαႏွα့္ αူးေαါα္းαဲ့αα္။
αααα ၏ေαα (α) ႏွα့္ (α
) αα္ေααα်ားαြα္ αာαြα္းαာαα္αွိαူα်ားαα္ αေαးေα
ာ္αြားα‘ား αာαြα္းαွ αα္ေαာα္αာαာ ααာျαα္ႏွα့္ α်α္းျαα္αα္α
α္ျαိဳα၊ αေαးျαိဳααွ ေαာα္αα္αိုα (αα) αိုα္α‘αြာαြα္ αွိေαာ α‘α္αီ (Indin)αိုα ျαα္αα္αိုαေαာα္αဲ့αΎααα္။ αိုေααာαြα္ αေαးေα
ာ္αြားαွ αိαိαိုα္αို αα္αα္αα့္α‘ေαျαα့္ ေαာ္αွα္ေαးαြα္ αူးေαါα္းαါαα္αα္αု ααိျαဳαဲ့ျαီး αူ၏ေαααိုα ျαα္αα္αα္ေαာα္ျαဳαဲ့αα္။
Political Officer recieving submission of Tashon Chiefs on the March
αိုα‘α်ိα္αြα္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ αာαြα္းα‘αΎαီးα‘αဲ αူးαΎαြα္αိα္α‘ား ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴႏွα့္ α‘ေαါα္းα‘αါαိုαα‘ား ျαိαိαွ်αα္αိုα α‘α္ႏွံαα္ ေျαာαα။ αိုαိုααေαးα‘α္αွ်α္ αိုα္αိုα္αα္αူေαာ αာααံေαးαα္။
Carey & Tuck α
ာα‘ုα္၏ α
ာα်α္ႏွာ (αα) αြα္ “ ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ αာαြα္းႏွα့္ α
ီးαα္းαိုα၏ ေαာα္ေα‘ာα္αိုααα္းαာαာ αာေαာα္αα္ျαα္ျαα္း၊ αိုα္αိုα္ျαα္းα်ားႏွα့္ αာαြα္းαα္ေα‘ာα္αံ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴαိုα၏ αုα္αα္αွဳα္αွားαႈα်ားေαΎαာα့္ αိုα‘α်ိα္αြα္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ α်α္းေαာα္α‘ား αိုα္αိုα္αα္ α
α₯္းα
ားαΎαျαα္းျαα
္αα္ ”αု ေαာ္ျααα္။ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ αα္αα္α်ဲ့αြα္αα္α‘αြα္ α‘αိα ααုα္αဲ αူαိုα၏ αိုα္αိုα္αႈα်ားαို αာαြα္αိα္းαိα္းျαα္းα‘αြα္ α်α္းေαာα္ေαααို ျαα္αα္αိုα္αိုα္ျαα္းျαα
္αα္။
Officers of the Tashon Expedition
αုαိα α α ္αα္ေαး (αααα-αααα)
αααα α
α္αα္αာααြα္ ျαိαိαွ် α
α
္αα္αိုα αေαးααြα္ αိုα္ေαာα္αဲ့αα္။ αူαိုααα္ α
ီးαα္းαိုαα‘ား α‘ျαα္α‘αα္ ႏွိα္ႏွα္းαα္ αααα¦းα
ြာ αΎαိဳးαα္းαိုျαီး၊ αα္းေαာα္αြα္ αာαြα္းαိုαα‘ား ျαိα္းေျαာα္ျαီး ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴ αိုαα‘ား ျαိαိαွ်αိုααံαိုα α‘α္ႏွα္းαα္ αα္αြα္αα္αု α
ာα်α္ႏွာ (αα) αြα္ ေαာ္ျααဲ့αα္ ။ α
α
္αα္းေαးα
αα္αα့္α‘αါαြα္ αာαြα္းႏွα့္ α
ီးαα္းαိုααα္ ေαာα့္αα္းေαာ αα္αြဲαα်ားျαα့္ ေααာα‘ႏွံαွ ျαိαိαွ်αα္α‘ား αိုးα
α
္αα္αဲ့αα။αီαα္αာ (αα) αα္ေαα αံαα္ (α) αာαီαြα္ αာαြα္းαα္ ေαာα့္αα္းေαာ αα္αြဲαα်ားျαα့္ ေαာα္ေα‘ာα္αိုααα္းαာ α
ီေαာα္။ ေα်ာ္αြာႏွα့္ αြα္းαိုးαိုαα‘ား αိုα္αိုα္αဲ့αα္။ αိုαေαာ္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုααွ αြα္းαွဲαုαံႏိုα္αဲ့αα္αု ေαာ္ျααားαα္။ αိုα္αိုα္αႈαံုα
ံαွာ ျαိαိαွ်ႏွα့္ α
ီးαα္းαိုαα
ီးαα္းေαααြα္ αိုα္αိုα္ေαα
α₯္ ၌αာαြα္းαိုααα္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုα၏ αြာα်ားႏွα့္ α
αα္းα်ားαို α‘ေαာα္αα္αွ αα္αα္αာ α‘αα
္αα္αိုα္αဲ့αα္ ။
ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ αိုα‘α်ိα္αြα္ α်α္းαူα်ိဳးαိုα၏ αိုα္αိုα္αႈα
ြα္းαα္α‘ား α‘αိα‘αွα္ျαဳαဲ့αΎαျαီး- “αြ်α္ေαာ္αိုα αα့္ျαီး α
α
္αα္ေαα်ိα္αြα္ α်α္းαိုααα္ ေျαျαα္ααိုα αα္းαာαာ αွα္းαြာα်ားႏွα့္ αြ်α္ေαာ္αိုα (ျαိαိαွ်) αိုα၏ α
αα္းα်ားαို αာေαာα္αိုα္αိုα္αံုαို αΎαα့္ျαα္းα‘ားျαα့္ αူαိုααα္ αိုα္αိုα္ေαးα
ြα္းαα္αွိαα္αွာ αα္αွားαွေααα။” αု α
ာα်α္ႏွာ αα αြα္ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
Officers inspecting guns
α
α
္αြဲα်ား αα္αα္ျαα
္αြားα်α္αွိျαီး၊ျαိαိαွ်αိုα၏ αα္αα္α‘α္α‘ား ေαာα့္αα္းေαာα္းαြα္αႈေαΎαာα့္ α
ီးαα္းαြာα်ား ၊ Sakhingling ႏွα့္ Thuklai αြာα်ားα‘ား α်α္α
ီးႏိုα္αဲ့ျαီး။ αα္αα္၍αα္ေαာα္α်ားႏွα့္ αိုα္αိုα္αဲ့αα္။ α
ီးαα္းα်ားႏွα့္Khuasak αိုααα္ αα္αα္αα်αΎααဲ ၊ αြာα်ားαို α
ြααျαα
္αာ α‘ားαံုးေαာαဲαြα္ α
αα္းα်ျαီး αα္αα္၍ αြα္αြα္αြ်ံαြ်ံ αိုα္αိုα္αဲ့αΎααα္ ။ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ Forth White α
αα္းαို Thuklai αြα္ αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αα္။ α€αိုαα
ီးαα္းα်ားα‘ား ေαာေαာαα္ α‘ႏိုα္ααွိαဲαျαီး Major Raikes αα္ αာαြα္းαိုαႏွα့္ ေα
့α
α္ေαြးေႏြးေαးαို αα္αံαံαါးαြα့္αဲ့αα္။ αိုα‘α်ိα္αြα္ αာαြα္းα‘αΎαီးα‘αဲ (α
) α¦းα‘αα္ αα
္α¦းျαα
္ေαာ Bawi Hmaung ေαာα္αွိαာαဲ့ျαီးေαြးေႏြးαႈα်ားαြα္ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴႏွα့္ α‘ေαါα္းα‘αါα‘ား α‘α္ႏွံαα္αိုαူ α‘α
α₯္αα
ိုα္ ျαα္းαိုαဲ့αα္။
Fort White (Thuklai)
ααိα α α ္αα္ေαး (αααα-αααα)
Thuklai ေααα‘αီးααိုα္αွိ α်ိဳးႏြα္α
ုα်ားαα္ ျαိαိαွ်α်ားαို αα္αα္αိုα္αိုα္αဲ့αα္။ αာαြα္းαိုααα္αα္း ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴα‘αါα‘αα္ α‘ျαား ααာαုαα‘αα္α်ားαို αα္αα္αα္αံαဲ့αα္။ αိုαံုံαြα့္ေαးαဲ့αα္။αိုαိုαေαာ αα္αα္αိုα္αိုα္αႈα်ားႏွα့္ αိုαံုံαြα့္ေαးေααႈα်ားေαΎαာα့္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ α်α္းေαာα္αို ααိုα္αွ်α္ αိုαိုαေαာ ျα၏αာα်ားαα္αα္ျαα
္αြားေααႈαို ααိုαားေαာ့ျαα္းေαΎαာα့္ αူαိုα၏ α‘ာαာα
α္ေα‘ာα္αြα္ αြα္αြα္းαα္ αံုးျαα္αဲ့αα္။
ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ α
α
္αα္α‘α္α‘ား (αααα) ႏွα့္α‘αူ αာαြα္းαိုα α
α
္ေαΎαာα္း ႏွα
္ေαΎαာα္း (ေျαာα္αိုα္းႏွα့္ေαာα္αိုα္း) ျαα့္ α်ီαα္αာαဲ့αΎααα္။ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαα္αြဲα၏ α‘αွα္αွာ- (αααα) ျαα
္ျαီး၊ ေαာα္αိုα္းαα္αြဲα၏ α‘αွα္αွာ- (αααα) ျαα
္αα။ ေျαာα္αိုα္းα
α
္ေαΎαာα္းαွာForth White αွ αာαြα္းαိုαα်ီαα္αα္ ျαα
္αα။ α‘ျαားα
α
္ေαΎαာα္းαွာ α်α
္αေαာα္းαွαာေαာ αα္αြဲαႏွα့္ αα္αေαါαွ αα္αာေαာ αα္αြဲααα္ αားαါး၌ ေαြααံုαာ αာαြα္းαိုα α်ီαα္αα္ျαα
္αα္။
Entrance to a Tashon village
αာαြα္းαိုα αα်ီαα္αီ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαα္αြဲααα္ ႏိုαα္αာααြα္ αီးαα္းαα္α်ား αိုα္αိုα္αဲ့αα။αိုαေαာ္αα္း α
ီးαα္းα်ား၏αြα္αြα္αြ်ံαြ်ံαုαံျαα္းေαΎαာα့္ αႏိုα္αဲ့ေα။ αိုαေαာα္ ျαိαုααα္ αာαြα္းαα္αိုααာ α¦းαα္αိုα္αိုα္αα္ αံုးျαα္αဲ့αα္။ α‘αα္ေαΎαာα့္αိုေαာ္ α‘αα္၍αာαြα္းα်ားαွ ααိုα္αိုα္αွ်α္ α
ီးαα္းα်ားαွ αα
္α¦းαα္းαα္αα္αိုα္αြဲαα္αα္ααုα္αု ααα္းααွိျαα္းေαΎαာα့္ ျαα
္αα္။ αိုαေαာα္ α်α
္αေαာα္းαွ ျαိαိαွ်αα္α်ားႏွα့္ ေαာα္αိုα္းαα္αြဲαα်ားαα္ Mang kheng αြာα‘ား ျαα္αာ αာαြα္းαα α¦းαα္αာαဲ့αΎααα္။ αိုαေαာα္ αာαြα္းαွ (α) αာαံုα‘αြာαြα္ α
αα္းα်αဲ့αΎααα္။αိုαေαာα္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုα္α်ဳα္αΎαီးαα္ αα္α (αα) αα္၊ αααα ေαααြα္ αာαြα္းα‘αΎαီးα‘αဲα်ားα‘ား α
ုαံုးေα
ျαီး αα္αα္α်αα္α‘αြα္ ေျαာαဲ့αα္။
ျαိαိαွ်αိုα္α်ဳα္αΎαီးαွ αာαြα္းαိုαα‘ား αူαီးေαြ (ααααα)၊ αα
္ႏွα
္αွ်α္ αα္α
ြα္ (α) αု၊ αိုးαα္ (αα) αα္ ေαးေαာα္αα္α‘αါα‘αα္ αα္αα္ျαα္းα‘ား ေျαာαိုαဲ့αα္။αိုαေαာ္ α်α္းα‘αΎαီးα‘αဲα်ားαα္ αα₯္ေα်းα
ြာ ျαα္းαိုαဲ့αα္။ αိုα‘α်ိα္αြα္ αာαြα္းαိုααα္ α‘αၤαိα္αိုαႏွα့္ αိုα္αိုα္αα္α‘αြα္ αα္αာα်ား၊ αါး၊αွံ α‘αါα‘αα္ αα္αα္αဲαα္းαီးေα်ာα္α်ားαို ျαα္αα္ျαီးျαα
္αα္။ αာαြα္းαြာαြα္ αα္αα္αα္αα္αားေαာ α်α္းα
α
္αား (αααα) α
ုαံုံုးေαာα္αွိျαီးျαα
္αα။ αα္းαွာ- αာαြα္းαြာαα
္αုαα္းαွαာαွ်α္ααုα္αဲ Hualngo, Zahau, Sizang,Khuangli, Sokte ႏွα့္α‘ျαားαြာα်ားαွαα္း ျαα
္αα္။
Column Halted Previous to Final Advance on Falam, The Tashon Capital
αိုαိုαျαα္းαိုျαα္းေαΎαာα့္ ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ F0rth White αြα္ α‘ေျαα
ိုα္α်α္αွိေαာ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαα္αြဲαα‘ား α်ီαα္αာေα
ျαီး αα္းαα္αြဲααα္ Parte αြာαြα္ α
αα္းα်αဲ့αα္၊ αိုα‘α်ိα္αြα္αα္း α်α္းαူα်ိဳးα်ားαα္ αာαြα္းα‘αΎαီးα‘αဲα်ား. α‘αိα္ααိုαာ ေα
ာα့္α
ာျαီး ျαိαိαွ်αိုαα‘ား αိုα္αိုα္αα္ α‘αα့္α‘ေαα‘αားျαα့္ αွိေααဲ့αΎααα္၊ αိုαေαာα္ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαα္αြဲααα္ Parte αွ αာαြα္းαိုαα်ီαα္αာျαီး ျαိαိαွ်αိုααွ α
α
္ေα်ာ္ေαΎαးေαာα္းαိုαႈα‘ားαα္း ျαα္αα္ေα်ာ့ေαါ့αာ αα္ျααဲ့αα္။
ျαိαိαွ်αိုααα္ αာαြα္းαိုα၏ αΎααာ α‘ာαာα‘ား αားαα္αေαာေαါα္ျαα္းαို α
ာα‘ုα၏ α
ာα်α္ႏွာ (αα) αြα္ “ α‘ဲαီα‘α်ိα္αွာ α်α္းျαα္αွာ αာαြα္းαိုααဲα α‘ေαးαါαႈ αΎααာα‘ာαာαာ ေαααြα္αွαα္။ ααိိαူααေα αားαါး၊ ααာျαα္αေα Lushaiα‘αိ αာαြα္းαိုαα‘ား ααိုျαဳαာ α‘αα္αံ ααာαိα္ (Nominal Allegiance) αြဲαα
α္းαဲ့αΎα αα္။ αိုαα‘ျαα္ αာαြα္းαိုααα္ α်α္ႏွာျαဴα်ားαို αိαိαိုααα္ α‘α္α‘ားαΎαီးαားαူαု α‘αိα‘αွα္ျαဳျαီး αα္αα္α်αဲ့αွ်α္ αူαိုα၏ α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးα်ားαို αံုးαံူးαα္αို ေαΎαာα္αα္αာαα αာαြα္းαိုα၏. αုα္αိαα‘ာ α‘αွိα္α‘αါα‘ား α‘ျαားα်α္းαူα်ိဳးα်ားα‘αΎαားαြα္ α်α္ႏွာαα္αα္αိုαα္း α
ိုးαိα္αဲ့αΎααα္ ”αု ေαာ္ျααားαα။αိုαေαΎαာα့္ αာαြα္းαိုααွ ျαိαိαွ်αို၏αα‘ား αိုα္αိုα္αα္ ျαα္αα္αဲ့ျαα္းαိုGeneral Symons αα္ αားαα္αဲ့αα္။ αာαြα္းαိုα၏ αα္αα္α်ျαα္းαα္ α်α္းေαာα္αα
္αုαံုးα‘αြα္ α‘ေαးαါαα္αို αားαα္αေαာေαါα္ေαာေαΎαာα့္ αα္αα္α်ျαα္းႏွα့္α
α္α်α₯္း၍αα္း α
α
္ေα်ာ္ေαΎαးα်ားαို ေα်ာ့ေαါ့ျαα္းေαΎαာα့္ αာαြα္းαိုααွ αα္αα္α်αဲ့αΎααα္။ ျαိαိαွ်αိုα၏ α
α
္ေα်ာ္ေαΎαး ျαα္αα္ျαα္αα္αႈαွာ- αူαီးေαြ (ααα)၊ αိα္ (αα) ေαာα္၊αြ်ဲႏွα့္ ႏြား (αα) ေαာα္ႏွα့္ αα္α
ြα္ (α) ေα်ာα္းαိုα ျαα
္αα။ αိုαေαာα္ α
ီးαα္းαိုααα္αα္း α§ျαီα (α) αα္၊ αααα αြα္ αα္αα္α်αဲ့αΎααα္။αိုαေαာ္ αာαြα္းαိုααα္ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴႏွα့္ α‘ေαါα္းα‘αါα်ားαို α‘αၤαိα္αိုααα္αိုα α‘α္ႏွံαα္αိုαူ ျαα္းαα္ααΎααα္။
Burmese captives released from the Chins
Careuy & Tuck α
ာα‘ုα္၏ α
ာα်α္ႏွာ (ααα) αြα္- “ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴ၏ αα္ေαာα္ျαα
္ေαာ Thegyi α‘ား ျαိαိαွ်αိုααွ αα္ααα္ေαာ့α Political Officer α‘ျαα
္ αα္းေαာα္ေα
αဲ့αα္။ αူႏွα့္ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴαိုαα‘ား αာαြα္းαိုααွ α‘αၤαိα္αံαိုα α‘α္ႏွံαα္ ျαα္းαα္αဲ့αΎααူα်ားျαα
္αα္။ αိုαေαာ္ αူ၏ ααာ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴαွာαူ ααာျαα္α‘αြα္းαိုα ျαα္αα္ αြα္ေျαးαα္ေαာα္αြားαဲ့ျαီး α‘αα္းαံααာ αααα αြα္ αΎαိဳးαြဲα် α‘αα္αံααα္” αု ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
αိαံုးα်ဳα္ αံုးαα္α်α္
ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴαα္းαား α်α္းေαာα္ αာαြα္းαα္αြα္ αုαα‘αα္α‘ျαα
္ αံαူαဲ့αα္αွာ αα္αူαွ် αျαα္းႏိုα္ေα။
Careuy & Tuck ႏွα့္ E S Symesαိုα၏ α
ာα‘ုα္α်ားαြα္αα္း αူ. α‘αα္α်ားျαα့္ αံုးαြα္းαဲ့αα။
αα္αိုααα္αံု αူα‘αα္းαံααα္αို α
ာα်α္ႏွာ (ααα) αြα္ ααွα္းαα္းေαာ္αα္း Hualngo Literature and Culture Association (HLCA) αွ αုα္ေαေαာ “Zo Fate Chanchin” αြα္ αူαα္ αုα္းေαာα္αα္းαα္၏ αူαိαα္αα္ျαα
္ေαာ ေαႊαိုαိုααြα္αြာαြားαဲ့ျαီး။ ေαာα္αα
္αΎαိα္ ေαာ္αွα္ေαးα
αα္αα္ ျαα္αα္αΎαိဳးαα္းα
α₯္αြα္ αα္းαီးျαα္းαံαဲ့ααα္αု ေαာ္ျααα္။
αူαα္ αီေαါαα္း၏ αီα‘αိုαα
္α¦းαု ေαာ္ျαေααႈα်ားαွာ αွားαြα္းေαΎαာα္းαိုαα္း ေαာα္ျααိုαါαα။
Careuy & Tuck αိုα၏ α
ာα‘ုα္αြα္αα္း αူαα္ αုα္းေαာα္αα္းαα္ႏွα့္ αα္းႏွီးαα္ႏြα္αႈααွိေαΎαာα္းα‘ားαα္း αွα္းαα္းα
ြာ ေαာα္ျααΎααα္။ αိုေαα္α‘αါ αူαု၏ αα္းေαာα္းေαွ်ာ္ α
ိα္αါα္ႏွα့္ αα္းαားαα
္ေαာα္α‘ျαα
္ αွဳα္αွားျαα္းျαα့္ αိုαိုαိေαာα္αα္αူေαာ αα္αြα္α်α္ျαα့္αာ α‘αံုးျαဳαဲ့ျαα္းျαα
္αα္။ αိုαျαα္ Zo History ေαးαားαူ Dr.Vum Son αွαα္း αူ၏α
ာα‘ုα္αြα္ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴα‘ား αα္းαားαု (αါ) αူαိα္αα္းαား (A Pseudo Prince) αုေαာ္ျααဲ့αα္။
αိုαျαα္ αူαα္ αီေαါαα္း. αီα‘αွα္ααα္ျαα
္αα္αိုαွ်α္ αီေαါαုαα္း. αာααα†α္α‘αြα္ ျαα
္αြားαဲ့ေαာ αႏႊ်ေαးαα္းαြα္းေαြးေα်ာα္းα
ီးα_αြα္ αြα္ေျαာα္αα္ααုα္ေα၊ αိုαα္းαြα္းေαြးေα်ာα္းα
ီးα_}αီးαα္ αααα αြα္ျαα
္αြားαဲ့+αီး αီေαါ။ αုαα္ျαα
္αα္α‘αြα္ ေႏွာα့္αွα္ႏိုα္αူαု αူαααူα်ားα‘ားαံုးα‘ား α¦းαα္αာ ျαα
္αြားαဲ့ေαာ ေαြးေα်ာα္းα
ီးα_ျαα
္αα္၊
αိုαျαα္ αူαα္ αီေαါαα္း၏α‘αွα္ααα္αီျαα
္αဲ့αα္αိုαွ်α္ αα္းαုα္းαα္း၏ αားαα
္α¦းျαα
္ααα္ျαα
္ေαာ္αα္း ေα‘ာα္αါαα့္α္αွိ αα္းαုα္းαα္း၏ αား/ααီး (ααα) α¦းα
ာαα္းαြα္ ေαႊα်ိဳးျαဴ၏ α‘αα္αို αေαြααေα။http://www.royalark.net/Burma/konbau16.htm
αိုαေαာ္ αူαα္ ျαိαိαွ်αα္α်ဲααိုααို αα္αα်α္αဲ့ေαာ ေαာ္αွα္ေαးααားα
α
္α
α
္ျαα
္αα္ ။ αူ၏ေαာ္αွα္ေαးαို ααာျαα္αြα္ α‘α
ျαဳαဲ့ျαီး ααာျαα္ αα္α်ဲααα္ေα‘ာα္α်ေαာα္αα့္α‘α်ိα္αြα္ α်α္းေαာα္αိုα αြα္ေျαးαဲ့ျαα္းျαα
္αα္ ။ αူ၏α‘ေαြးα‘ေαα၊ α‘αူα‘αα်ားαα္ αာαြα္းαိုα၏αα္α်ဲααα္αα်α္ေαးαိုα္αြဲα်ားαြα္ α‘ေαးαΎαီးေαာ α‘αα္းαα αါαα္αဲ့αα္αွာ α‘ေαα‘α်ာျαα
္αα္။ ααိုျαα္ αာαြα္းαိုα ျαိαိαွ်αα္α်ဲααိုααံ α‘αံ့αံαα့္α‘αါαြα္αα္း αူαα‘ား ျαိαိαွ်αိုααံαိုα ααြဲα‘α္αဲ့ေα ။ α€ႊαα္αွာαα္း α်α္းαူα်ိဳးαိုα၏αα
α₯ာαွိαႈ ျααုα₯္αα္αိုးαα
္αုαα္ ျαα
္ေααα္။
αွα္α်α္။ ။ေαာα္းαါးαါ αါα္αံုα်ားαα္ The London Stereoscopic & Photographic Company αွ αုα္ေαေαာ The Image of War, Service on the Chin Hills α
ာα‘ုα္αွ αါα္αံုα်ားျαα
္αα္။
(α
ာေαးαူ Salai Van Cung Lianαα္ University of Nottingham αွ B.Sc (Civil Engeering) ျαα့္ ေα်ာα္းျαီးαာ။ α‘αၤαα္ႏိုα္αံαွိCH2M Hill αြα္ Graduate α‘α္α်α္αီαာα‘ျαα
္ α‘αα္ေαြးαα္းေαΎαာα္းα်α္αွိαα္။
ShweGyuPhyu Prince & British Annexation of Chin Hills
Introduction
Chinworld and Global Chin News (GCN) have recently published a short story about ShweGyoPhyu Prince was given political asylum by Tlaisun chief Con Bik, thus he was the first foreigner to be given asylum in Chinland. The GCNseven claimed that he was the brother of Burmese King Thibaw and this idea was also supported in several internet comments. When it was published many people asked itsauthenticity, references and the reason he took refuge in Chin Hills. This is a very important historical fact,therefore,Chinworldmedia conducts research to share to you. This will include ShweGyuPhyu prince and a brief history of the British annexation of Chin Hills, especially Eastern Chin State.
Research
In order to do this, I visited The British Library and School of Oriential and African Studies (SOAS) Libraries. On the way, I came across the following books1) The Chin Hills Volume 1 (A history of the people, our dealings with them, their customs, manners, and a Gazetteer of their country) by B. S Carey and H. N. Tuck published in 1896. Carey and Tuck were the assistance commissioner and political officer in Chin Hills during the invasions. They were the first to bring the Chin under the system of British administration. I will quote mostly from this book. 2) A military report in Chin-Lushai Country by E. S Symes published 1893.When it was delivered to me in the British Library, thebook was in a very bad state, the covers no longer bind or hold the book and was tied with a piece of shoe lace. I was constantly reminded to be careful, I was not allowed to make copy as they thought I might mishandle and destroy it.This article will be written in the point of view of the above books. I have also come across the following books published by Dr.Vum Son, ThangZa Dal and LianHmungSakhong, they also quote most of their references from Carey and Tuck V1 when they write about British annexation of Chin Hills.
Early contacts with Chins (Western and Eastern)
When the British conquered East India, first contact with Lushaicountry (now in India) was made in Western Chin State.They had unpleasant contact in Lushai country as theLushaiconstantly raided the British subjects and territories, which Lushai thought were their tributaries, eventually resulted in British invasionknown as the The First Expedition (LushaiExpedition in 1888-1889). The first expedition was a success as most of Lushai chiefs were reduced in to submission.Assam and Manipur fell in British hand in 1826. The upper Burma fell in to the British in 1885, the British then advanced to the Burmese western borders to occupy the Kale and Yaw valleys (now Western Magway areas). At that time, the Burmese inhabitants of the valleys at the foot of the Chin Hills had suffered from time immemorial from their raids, and great numbers of them were captives in the hill villages1. The Chin (Sizang, Kamhau, Tlaisun, Zokhua and Haka) constantly raided the plains. Among them the Tlaisunwere the most powerful tribe2. The Captain Raikes, British Deputy Commissionerof Upper Chindwin in Kalaymyosent invitation to chiefs of Sukte, Kamhau, Sizang, Tlaisun and Haka to discuss the raids and developments3.
Soon after the interviews, the British built roads towards the Sizang country and they were attack by Sizang, at the same time Tlaisun Chief Con Bik was suspicious of British intention after the interview. He was also encouraged to fight the British by ShweGyuPhyu Prince. Before the interviewwas conducted, ShweGyoPhyu Prince raised a rebellion in central Burma which was noted by (Carey and Tuck pg.21) as “There was at this time living in the Yaw country a man who, although he had no pretensions to royal blood, had assumed the title of ShweGyoByuMintha, this so-called prince was a vaccinator in the Thayetmyo district at the time of the annexation of Upper Burma, had succeeded in raising a rebellion in October 1887 on the confines of the Chindwins, Myingyan and Pagan districts. In the operations which followed, Captain Beville and major Kennedywere killed and the pretender, being defeated, fled in to the Yaw country. The columns which operated in the Yaw country in the cold weather of 1887-88 dispersed the various dacoit gangs, and the ShweGyuPhyu fled to the Chin Hills”.
ShweGyuPhyuwas given asylum by the Tlaisunand he took residence in Tlaisun territory. Upon hearing that, the ex-Sawbwa of Kale (British deposed them and send them to Mandalay) and his followers escaped from Mandalay and joined him. On the 4th, 5th May 1888 a strong body of Tlaisundescended suddenly on Indin (border town between Chin and Burma, 10 miles south of Kalaymyo) and carried off the Swabwa of Kale to the foot of the hills. He was obliged to save himself by promising to join in the rebellion and he was allowed to return to his capital4. An ultimatum was sent to the Tlaisunchiefs, ordering them to deliver up the ShweGyoPhyu and his officers5. (Carey and Tuck pg 26) noted “the hand of government was forced by the Sizang who came down the plains killing,Tlaisun chiefs under the ShweGyuPhyuravaged the plains”. The British invasion of Chin Hills was to protect their subjects rather than colonization.
The Second Expedition(1888-1889)
In September 1888 British troops landed in Kalewa. They were determined “to deal first with the Sizang and to inflict on them such a crushing blow as not only to cripple them for the future, but also to terrify the Tlaisuns into giving up the rebel ShweGyuPhyu” (Carey and Tuck pg 26).When the expedition starts, the Chin “were in great force, and Tlaisunand Sizangare fighting side by side from all four sides, fighting undercover of heavy undergrwoth”. On, 10th December 4.0am Tlaisunin great force made attack on Sihaung, Kyawywa and Kundu but they were repulsed by the British (Carey& Tuck pg 27). The British now recognized the chin’s tactical ability in war as (Carey and Tuckpage 27) noted “whilst disputing every stage of our advanced into the hills, the Chin showed considerable tactical ability by taking the offensive in the plans and attacking Shan villages and our posts in the rear of the advancing column”.
As the war went on British gained upper hand, in February the Sizangs, Sakhalingand Thuklaivillages were destroyed. A successful expedition was then carried out against the Kamhow. The people of Sizang and Khuasakdid not surrender, abandoned their village and took refuge in the forest and continued to fight6. Major Raikes opened up re-negotiation with the Tlaisun. This time one of Tlaisun Chiefs BawiHmungcame but as usual refused to surrender the ShweGyoPhyu and his associates7.
Third Expedition (1889-1890)
The tribes around Fort White (Thuklai) continue to attack British. The Tlaisunalso continued to harbour the ShweGyoPhyu prince and other Burmese refugees, the British decided to invade Chinhill and put them under their control8. The British came with a force 1200 came to Tlaisun from two fronts (South and North). Meanwhile in the northern column operatedagainstSizangin November but they could not defeat them (C & T pg 37). The British then decided to march onto Tlaisun, believing if Tlaisundid not fight, Sizangwere not prepared to struggle alone (C & T pg 38). Meanwhile the combined force of the Chittagong and southern column march to Tlaisun via Mangkheng and camped at a quarter mile from Tlaisun. The General Symons summoned the Tlaisun chiefs and gave them the surrender terms.
The chiefs politely declined. Tlaisunwere preparing to fight as rivers banks were fortified, rifle pits and stockade were built for defence. Around 3000 warroirswere gathering at Tlaisun village from all sides including Hualngo, Zahau, Sizang, Khuangli, Sokte and they are arms with flint lock guns, spears, shendu [chopper-sharped knife]9. The British then understood the positions of Tlaisun as (Carey and Tuck pg.39) noted “it must be remember that the Tlaisun held a unique position in Chinland at this time. All the tribes from Manipur to Haka and from Burma to Lushai owed them nominal allegiance and the Tlaisun realized that their prestige would be gone and the name of Falam (now Tlaisun village) lowered in the eyes of Chinland if they in common with the petty clans had to pay tributes acknowledge the supremacy of the white man”.General Symons lowered the terms i.e. reducing the fines and Tlaisunsurrendered. Sizang followed on 2nd April 1990. However, Tlaisunrefused to give up ShweGyuPhyu and his associates. Thegyi was one of the ShweGyoPhyu most prominent lieutenants and was one of those outlaws whom the Tlaisun refused to surrender to General Symons in 1889-90. Thegyi is now pardoned, but not yet allowed to return to Burma. He is used by the political officers to count houses and carry messages; his Chief, the ShweGyuPhyu who returned to Burma, was arrested, tried, and hanged in1891 (Carey and Tuck pg. 108).
Conclusion and Analysis
No one can deny that the ShweGyuPhyu took refuge to the Tlaisunterritory. There is overwhelming evidences of his name in the books (Carey and Tuck and E S Symes). He was a true fighter against British colonizations. He started rebellion in Burma then fled to Chinhills after defeated by the British. His input must have played a big factor in the Tlaisunfighting against the British. Once, the Tlaisun surrendered he was not handover to the hand of British by the Tlaisun. Although, it was not clear from page 108 how he got arrested but “ZofateChanchin” a book published by Hualngo Literature and Culture Association (HLCA) claimed that he escaped again to Shwebo(the symbol of Konbaung dynasty power) and got arrested while trying to start another rebellion. It was clear from the above references that he was not the brother of King Thibaw as reported in Global Chin News I will argue in the following points :-
- From the above C and T book, he was clearly not related to the royals. “although he was not related to royals”. Dr Vum Son who wrote Zo history called him “a pseudo prince”.
- If he is a brother of Thibaw as reported, he would not have survived during the royals massacre carried out to pave the way for Thibaw to become King. Every royal’s relatives who threatened or could have threatened the throne were killed in 1879.
- There is no evidence that his mother remarried, so if he is a brother of Thibaw his father must have been King Mindon who had 110 childrens and ShweGyuPhyuname is not listed in the Kongbaung dynasty genealogy in this link. http://www.royalark.net/Burma/konbau16.htm
Notes.
E S Symes page 41,
2)E S Symes page 41
3) C&T page 22,23
4) C&T page 25
5) C&T page 26
6) C & T 30
7) E S Symespage 45
8) C & T 39 & 40
Src: Chin World Media
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